ラン科植物のフラボノイド : その花色への貢献と分布

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The family Orchidaceae is big family containing about 17,000〜20,000 or more species. In this review, the flavonoids which have been reported from the family are mentioned, and are discussed their contribution to flower colours and chemotaxonomic significance. Two hundred-ninety taxa (82 genera) of the Orchidaceae have been surveyed for flavonoids. The anthocyanins which were reported from many orchids as flower pigments, flavonols, flavones, C-glycosylflavones, flavanone, dihydroflavonols, proanthocyanins and rare anthocyanin-flavonol complex have been found from the flowers and leaves. Related xanthones were also detected. But, isoflavone, flavane 3, 4-diol, biflavone, chalcone and aurone are not reported. In almost cases, flavonoid survey have been performed in relation to flower colours. Thus, six common anthocyanidins, pelargonidin, cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin were detected from orchid flowers. But, almost anthocyanins which were found in orchids were cyanidin glycosides. The very unique cyanidin glycosides, which complicatedly attached some glucose and organic acid moieties such as P-coumaric, caffeic, sinapic or malonic acids to 3-, 7-and 3'-positions, were isolated from Bletilla striata, some Cattleya, Laelia, Sophoronitis and Vanda species by Tatsuzawa, Saito and co-workers (Tatsuzawa et al. 1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 立澤1996, Saito et al. 1994, 1995). Their acylated cyanidin glycosides represent more bluish flower colour due to intramolecular copigments with organic acids than simple cyanidin glycosides. Another intramolecular co-pigmented anthocyanin was an anthocyanin-flavonol complex, i. e., cyanidin oxaly 1-3, 5-di-O-glucoside-kaemp-ferol 7-O-glucoside, and was named as orchicyanin I. The complex was found in Dactylorhiza, Gymnadenia, Nigritella, Ophrys, Orchis, Serapias species etc. (Strack et al. 1989). Other flavonoids, i. e., quercetin 3-O-rutinoside from Bromheadia finlaysoniana and Dendrobium curmenatum (Lowry and Keong 1973), quercetin 3, 4'-di-O-glucoside, quercetin 7, 4'-di-O-glucoside and naringenin 7-O-glucoside from Doritis pulcherrima (Harper 1974), kaempferol 3, 7-di-O-glucoside and quercetin 3, 7-di-O-glucoside from Gymnadenia conopea (Schonsiegel und Egger 1969), quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3, 7-di-O-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside from Orchis sambucina (Tira 1971, Dolci and Tira 1979), isovitexin 7-O-glucoside and apigenin 6, 8-di-C-glucoside 7-O-glucoside from Phalaenopsis schilleriana (Griesbach 1990), and 3, 5, 7, 3'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxy-dihydroflavonol 3-O-rutinoside from some Anacheilium species (Ferreira et al. 1986), were also isolated as flower pigments. Chemotaxonomically, the flavonoids have been surveyed less than 2% of orchids. Williams (1979) has found C-glycosylflavones and flavonols as most common orchid flavonoids except anthocyanins. She also found new flavonoid glycosides from some species. Thus, hispidulin 7-O-rutinoside from Oncidium excavatum and O. sphacelatum, pectolinarigenin 7-O-glucoside from O. excavatum and Eria javanica, and luteolin 3', 4'-di-O-glucoside from Listera ovate were isolated as foliar flavonoids. Xanthones (mangiferin and the related compounds) were also detected from some orchids.
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ラン科植物のフラボノイド : その花色への貢献と分布

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