テキスト記憶の体制化におよぼす文脈効果

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In the present research, contextual effects on organizing text memory were explored. Experiment 1 focused on the effects of visual context on short-term memory while Experiment 2 examined the effects of auditory context on short- and long-term memory. Experiment 1 In this experiment, changes in recall rate and the tendency to make recall errors were analyzed in a situation in which features of imaginary animals were successively presented as auditory stimuli accompanied by visual information about these features as context. Four main hypotheses were considered as follows: (1) If visual information operates as context, the recall rate should increase, whether or not the visual information is consistent with the auditory information; (2)Visual information will affect the recall error rate on the assumption that organization of the auditory information is influenced by the visual context; (3) If familiar (already-known)information operates as context, the tendency to wrong recall of synonyms should increase on the assumption that information is organized through context; and (4) If only the auditory information is recalled under the condition of providing both visual and auditory information, the recall rate will decrease. This may be because retrieval cues are restricted. The tendency to recall errors should also increase due to interference effects of visual information. The subjects in this study were 129 college students divided into 4 groups. The auditory group received auditory information about an imaginary animal. For the three remaining groups, auditory information was accompanied by visual information about the animal. For all groups, a recall task was administered after a 3-minute arithmetic distracter task. The specific procedure for each group was as follows: (1) Auditory group - subjects received successive presentations of auditory information which they were then asked to recall; (2) Consistency group A -subjects were presented with visual information for a certain period and were then asked to recall that information (the visual information was related to the auditory information presented successively); (3) Consistency group B - subjects received visual information for a certain period and were then required to recall the auditory information (the visual information was related to the auditory information presented successively); and (4) Inconsistency group - subjects were exposed to visual information for a certain period and were then asked to recall the auditory information (the visual information was not related to the auditory information presented successively). The results supported the hypotheses in terms of both recall rate and recall error tendency. These findings were discussed in terms of Klatzky's (1984) notion of "On-line Awareness" which suggests that the consistency of visual and auditory information relates to the processing of such information. The present results also support the idea that output information is processed with respect to familiar (already-known) information under the influence of restriction on retrieval cues. Experiment 2 This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of context on the retrieval of information stored in long-term memory. Different titles were applied to the same story text and recall of the text was examined as a function of these different titles. Four main hypotheses were proposed as follows: (1) If a title operates as context, organization of the information in the text should be facilitated; (2) with respect to short-term memory, if subjects recall the text immediately after the session(immediate recall), retention rate should be greater; (3) in regard to short-term memory, information should be altered according to the context on the assumption that information is processed in accordance with the context; and (4) with respect to long-term memory, retention should be affected by context. Subjects for this experiment were 52 college students, all of whom were familiar with the stories. Four experimental conditions were explored through a factorial combination of two titles and two conditions of recall (immediate versus a 24 hour delay). Recalled sentences were analyzed using the following four categories: (1) consistent with the original; (2) neutral change;(3) title-oriented change; and (4) dropping out. The results were consistent with the hypotheses stated above. These findings were taken to indicate that the limited capacity of short-term memory can be circumvented to a degree through a process of "chunking" or organization based on the titles associated with the story text. The results also indicated a rehearsal effect associated with immediate recall. This finding suggested that information processing is facilitated by organizing a macro system which integrates micro systems as hypothesized by Kintsch (1982). Titles seem to function as a context for the organization of a macro system but are not sufficient for the organization of micro systems. In summary, these findings imply that input information is coded through the integration of the connotations and denotations of text sentences accompanied by context and that information is organized through inter-dependent processes involving already-known (familiar) and newly presented information.
国際基督教大学の論文

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向井敦子
国際基督教大学

テキスト記憶の体制化におよぼす文脈効果

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