心理学的対処方略としてのスル的視点とナル的視点の二重性

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"Attribution theory," one of the imperialistic theories in social psychology today, generally characterizes people as naive scientists striving to understand, predict, and control the course of events in which they are concerned. On the basis of observation, they form beliefs or theories about what is causing the observed events. When an individual is inclined to interpret in terms of the contingency upon his own behavior or his own relatively enduring dispositions, J. B. Rotter (1966) has termed this a belief in "internal control." When the events are typically perceived as the result of luck, chance, fate, as under the control of others, or as unpredictable, this belief has been labeled as "external control." 1-E scale, constructed by Rotter, has been used for measuring individual differences in a generalized belief for internal versus external control. Comparing the locus of control between Japanese and American college students, Japanese are much more external than American. From the standpoint of attribution theory, the belief of internal or skill determined control is assumed to be more adjustive than that of external or chance determined control. Then, is it possible to say that Japanese are more maladjustive than American? Surely, we Japanese feel some hesitation to say yes to the skill determined belief. This, however, does not necessarily mean that we are maladjustive in our culture. Let us take an example out of Japanese traditional poems: 「和歌の浦に潮満ち来れば潟を無み葦辺をさして鶴鳴き渡る.」 The phrase of 「鶴鳴き渡る」 can be literally translated into English as "cranes go crying," but a delicate, essential difference remains unsolved. In the English expression, cranes are noted as acting subjects independent of the background. In the Japanese expression, on the other hand, the transitory scene, including cranes as a component, is perceived as a whole. As Y. Ikegami (1981; 1982) noted, English as language of SURU (DOING) - logic has a way of making actors conspicuous from the background, in contrast with Japanese as a language of NARU (BECOMING) - logic, which has a way of burying actors into the whole. This kind of difference is generally noticeable not only in language but also attitude and behavior, as referred by T. Doi (1980) and others. Authors (1985) theoretically supposed an interactional process between Mono and Koto, and hypothetically analyzed out four directions of the interactive actualization, taking a viewpoint of the behavioral subject of self-organizing activity, as summarized again in Table 1. SURU (DOING) is in the direction of actualization when "I" am doing an action to a thing, where mono is being actualized into MONO mediated by Koto. Secondly, NARU (BECOMING) is under actualization when my action is becoming in effect. Thirdly, when I choose a thing to do something with, I am recognizing it as being there, or ARU (BEING). Fourthly, when I am going to do some action, I am being actualized in such a consciousness, or IRU (HAVING), as I am having myself as a subject, which is activating myself to act upon a thing. This actualized activity of self-organizing will be subjectively insighted as being spontaneous, released, induced, or enforced, mediated by the observation as to whether my behavior and its behavioral context are contingent or dependent each other, as shown in Table 2. When I take my behavior as spontaneous, I expect myself to be a subject coping with other things or persons surrounding me. This feeling of spontaneity is based on my subjective expectation of subordinatedly co-acting others. When the surroundings, which I am embedded in, is perceived to have a spontaneous direction of changing as a whole, I feel enforced to guess and accept the direction so as to adapt myself. Therefore, feeling spontaneous or enforced is a phenomenal aspect of the two-foldedness dependent on the way of interaction, as assumed in Table 3. So is feeling released or induced. Table 4 hypothetically shows some psychological strategies to facilitate the self-organizing activity of others to actualize, coping with these aspects of the two-foldedness of SURU and NARU viewpoints.
国際基督教大学の論文

心理学的対処方略としてのスル的視点とナル的視点の二重性

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