人口学の一分野としての「空間人口学」の成立の可能性

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Several years ago, I planned to make a book in which the demographic phenomena found in space are discussed systematically. The reason why I want to discuss them is that human beings live in time and space, and the number of human beings, namely, population should be analysed and discussed systematically from spatial point of view as well as from temporal point of view. And a book titled "Space Demography" in which I discussed the demographic phenomenon found in space was published three years ago (in 1980). In the book, I suggested the possibility of existence of "space demography" as a field of 'demography in a broad sense'. But, unfortunately, in the book, attension was concentrated to the presentation of the methods of analysis of the demographic phenomena found in space and the results obtained by analyzing the phenomena, and the definition of "space demography" was not discussed clearly. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and clarify the definition of "space demography" which has not been examined clearly. Space demography can be regarded as a field of 'demography in a broad sense' and should be defined as a field of study in which demographic phenomena are studied (namely, observed and analyzed) by relating with spatial factors (namely, the factors found in space ; position, length, area, volume, etc.). Therefore, the object of the study of space demography consists of two kinds of phenomena ; one is spatial distribution of population and the other is migration of population. Landry proposed trichotomy of population science which was regarded as a comprehensive study of population : history, theory and policy. On the other hand, Hauser and Duncan first proposed dichotomy of demography. They devided demography into two parts : demographic analysis and population studies. Lorimer also divided demography into two parts ; formal demography and population studies. In Japan, from about 1960, dichotomy of demography-formal demography and substantive demography-prevailed. The dichotomy mentioned above can be directly applied to the division of the field of space demography. Then, space demography can be divided into two parts ; formal space demography and substantive space demography. In formal space demography, methods of analysis of population performed by relating with the spatial factors and statistical study of population performed by relating with the spatial factors, in other words, methods of analysis of distribution and migration of population and statistical study of those of population are studied. On the other hand, in substantive space demography, demographic phenomena which have relations with the space factors, namely, distribution and migration of population are analyzed by the factors treated in many kinds of field of science which are different from demography. And the trichotomy of population science would be able to be applied to the partition of the field of substantive space demography. Based on the partition of the field of space demography mentioned above, I tried to construct tentatively the system of fields of study in space demography and point out the subjects which are treated in each of the fields, of the study. The tentative system of the fields of the study and the subjects which are treated in each field of the study are shown by the following list. SPACE DEMOGRAPHY Formal Space Demography Study of distribution of population Size (day-population, night-population, etc.) Location (center of population, median point, etc.) Density (population density, ariality, etc.) Homogeneity (index of population concentration, Gini ratio of concentration, etc.) Pattern (random distribution, clumpling distribution, etc.) Statistical rule or order (Zipf's rank size rule, Gibrat distribution of population of cities, etc.) Study of migration of population Size (size of migration, inflow, outflow, etc.) Interregional migration (out migration rate, etc.) Statistical rule or order (Isard's gravity model, etc.) Substantive Space Demography History History of population (historical description of distribution of population, migration, etc.) History of study (historical description of study in the fields of space demography) Theory Analysis of distribution of population Analysis of migration of population Application Tentative application (theoretical examination performed by simulation based on the findings in space demography) Practical application (examination for practical application performed by using the findings in space demography) Policy Theoretical Study (theoretical studies of policies for distribution of population and migration) In the list written above, the words written by gothic and roman show the names of fields of study in space demography, the words written by italics show the names of the subjects which are treated. in each field of study, and the words written in the parentheses show the examples of indices, objects, examinations or findings discussed in each subjects.
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人口学の一分野としての「空間人口学」の成立の可能性

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