記憶における体制化の基礎としての知覚的属性と概念的属性

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The purpose of this experiment was to investigate a developmental change in organizational criteria of memory by instruction and category sorting. Kindergarten children and 3rd grade children were given object drawings which could be classified according to either color or conceptual category in free recall paradigm. The hypotheses to test were that there is a change from a tendency to organize by color category to a tendency to organize by conceptual category, and that such change was observed more in sorting condition than non-sorting condition. A　2×2×2 factoria1 design was used, which incorporated the instruction conditions (perceptual and conceptual), the sorting conditions (sorting and control), and age levels (kindergartener and 3rd grader). The Ss were 56　kindergarteners with a mean age of　5.7　years and 56 3rd graders with a mean age of 8.8 years. Children in each age were assigned to one of the four conditions: Conceptual-sorting, Conceptual-control, Perceptual-sorting, and Perceptual-control conditions. The list was composed of 16 instances of 4 conceptual categories (vegetables, fruits, birds, or flowers) as is shown in the Table 1. Each of the four instances within a category appeared in a different color (red, yellow, purple or white). These instances were familiar to children and each of them was drawing with appropriate color. The experiment was conducted individually. The　Ss in sorting condition were required to group the instances on the basis of either color or conceptual category at the memory phase and then to recall the instances. As is shown in the Table 2 and 5, the performances of recall and clustatenng under conceptual instruction were significantly better than those under perceptual instruction in both kindergartener and 3rd grader. Unfortunately, such results did not support our hypothesis on the developmental changes in organizational criteria. Recall and clustering were facilitated by sorting and such facilitating effects were observed more clearly under conceptual condition than perceptual condition. These results were discussed with reference to related studies.

記憶における体制化の基礎としての知覚的属性と概念的属性

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