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Surveillance of BCG vaccination and that of case-finding and treatment were discussed in this paper. In Japan, BCG is given first to the infants of 0 to 3 years old, and the head of the self governing body has the responsibility for carrying out the vaccination of the people. In many cities and towns, BCG are given to three years old infants, in other areas for 3 months baby. As an approach to tackle a problem whether the age of the first vaccination should be changed from 3 years to 3 months or not, the number of saved infants by BCG vaccination for new-born instead of 3 years infants was estimated (Table 1), and the significance of the number of saved children should be considered comprehensively. The authors stressed the importance of the education of the parents about BCG vaccination, because more than third of the cases of infants tuberculosis had not been vaccinated in spite of having the chance of vaccination (Table 2). In Okinawa Prefecture, more chances for BCG vaccination should be given for infants, because more than half of tuberculosis infants had not had the chance of vaccination. Very simple example of estimate of coverage of case-finding in Japan was introduced in Table 3, and the importance to know patient's, doctor's and total delay in case-finding was discussed. The total delay in case-finding is rather rare at present in Japan, but the authors advis ed for continuous evaluation of the patient's and doctor's delay in case-finding in the future. One of the important problems in Japan is the standarization of the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. X-ray diagnosis had been used as an important tool to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis for a long time. Only 13.3% of newly registered cases was smear positive in 1976 and the differences in the positive rates were so marked from one health centre to others (Figure 1). The other biggest problems to be improved in Japan may be the shortening of the duration of chemotherapy. It was confirmed that the estimation of average duration of treatment by the simple ratio of prevalence/incidence correlate very well with the actual average duration as can be seen in Figure 2. The average duration of chemotherapy was estimated at 4.2 years in 1976 as shown in Figure 3. Moreover, the range of the average duration of chemotherapy in different health centres was very wide. The importance of the idea of "chronics" was introduced. The prevalence of "chronics" (bacilli positive more than one year after registration) was 13 per 100, 000 in Japan and the prevalence was different from Prefecture to Prefecture as shown in Figure 4. Surveillance is not a survey or a study but must be one component of tuberculosis control programme. One example of actual improvement in the duration of chemotherapy in Yamagata Prefecture was introduced in Figure 5. In Japan, tuberculous patients are treated not only by governmental, but also by private medical institutions, so that the shortening of the duration of chemotherapy is not so rapid, but going on gradually by the advice and actual approaches for shortening the duration of chemotherapy started from 1974. The duration was not changed substantially in these five years in whole Japan, but the duration in Yamagata Prefecture has been shortened gradually as can be seen in Figure 5
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