Model Reference Adaptive Management Theory (III) : Focus on Japanese Management in the Showa era after the defeat of Japan

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The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the adaptation policies on the introduction of management methods from advanced countries, focusing on the period after the defeat in the Pacific War. The main adaptation policies are as follows: (1) After the defeat, Japanese economic policies changed to policies of democratization such the economic demilitarization, the promotion of democratic forces, the elimination of concentration and resuming peaceful economic activity. (2) Japanese economy recovered owing to full scale deflationary policy of the Dodge plan in 1949. (3) The financial clique dissolution policies experted a great impact over the entire postwar economy, characterized by intense competition in all industries. The ousting of business leaders also hastened the succession of young managers to senior positions. (4) To increase the competitiveness of international trade, many industrial rationalization plans for all industries perfectly were completed by various industrial rationalization temporary measures acts. (5) According to the trade and capital liberalizations, large-scale installations for all industries were promoted. In addition production control, and the establishment of special and cooperational production systems were promoted. (6) The economic adjustment for coping with postwar oil crisis were adapted to short terms, through energy conservation, rationalization of industries and the actual devaluation of labor wages. (7) The industrial policy of the creative intelligent industries of 1980 s' was promoted. (8) To counter the rapid increase in the ordinary subsidy of trade between Japan to America and Europe, the Japanese government was promoting direct foreign investment, the technological transfer of developing countries, the import of agricultural goods and the cancellation of limitation of financial and communication markets to guard free trade and the GATT system. (9) The Japanese government established the foundation of promotion of modernization of Japanese companies based on the principles of career-long employment, the independence of enterprises and equal distribution of profit among labor, management and consumer. (10) The young high fliers of central government and private companies were dispatched to the business schools of America to learn modern management theory. (11) In Japanese practical management, many methods such as Quality Control and just in-time production etc were developed and given worldwide attention. (12) Modern management methods such as accounting systems, the interior control of enterprises, project branch systems and management control were introduced from America and Europe. (13) The educational system was reformed (for example the change from a multi-track to a single-track system ) and educational opportunity provided for all people in keeping with their abilities by model reference to the American education system. (14) Special training schools were established to develop the abilities required for their working or daily lives, or to raise their level of general education. (15) New-type universities such as those having no academic departments, new-technology science and new educational training were established. (16) The University of the Air was founded to give more people a university education by making effective use of television and radio programs.
北海道大学の論文
1993-03-25

Model Reference Adaptive Management Theory (III) : Focus on Japanese Management in the Showa era after the defeat of Japan

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