20世紀における安全保障の歴史的展開と「新しい戦争」の時代
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概要
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The purpose of this paper is to survey a history of international security systems in the 20th century and to think about the meaning of the new strategy of the United States of America, what is called the Bush Doctorine and the Iraq War from this historical point of view. Traditionally war as a means of settling international disputes was not illegal and every state had the right to resort to war by its individual decision. This arbitrary security system is called individual security. In this system every state strove to strengthen the military alliance and to win the arms race. Consequently even a local conflict could develop to a large-scale war and in fact two world wars broke out in the 20th century. But man also has attempted to present an alternative to this traditional individual security system for this hundred years. Many treaties were concluded at the Hague Peace Conferences (1899/1907). Some of these treaties regulated the rule in war (jus in bello), and the other treaties tried to make a system of pacific settlement of international disputes. After the first experience of the "total war", the League of Nations was established in 1919 and this first international organization of universal character aimed to make a new security system. This system, namely the collective security of the League of Nations, tried to secure the world peace by arms reduction, pacific settlement of international disputes and sanction. After the failure of the endeavor of the League of Nations and the catastrophe of the Second World War, the United Nations was established and its Security Council was responsible for this new collective security. The Charter of the United Nations restricts the right to resort to war and permits individual member states only two military measures, that is, the use of force for self-defense and the particpation in the military enforcement measures of the United Nations. One of the features of historical development of the security system in the 20th century is that the establishment of the collective security has been attempted instead of the arbitrary individual security. That system presents an objective measure like the international law and the third party organization in order to settle international disputes and obliges every state to restrict its sovereignity for the sake of world peace. In other words, throughout the last century man has endeavored to control the use of force, which was formerly made on the subjective judgment of each state, by the objective rule and procedure. But in "the National Security Strategy of the United States of America" in September of 2002 George W. Bush, the president of the U.S.A., declared the anticipatory self-defense against the so-called rogue states to be a legitimate measure. According to this principle the U.S.A. and its alliances went to war against Iraq in March of 2003, though most of the member states of the United Nations opposed this unjust war. If the policy like the Bush Doctrine is recognized to be legal in the international society, the fruit of the development of the international security system in 20th century is denied completely and sooner or later the world will be back to the situation of the individual security like the 19th century where the danger of war always lay ahead.
- 北海道東海大学の論文
- 2004-03-25
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関連論文
- 歴史的視点からみた憲法第9条第2項
- 第1次大戦期の平和主義小考(3)
- 第1次世界大戦末期のドイツの国際組織構想(1)
- 20世紀における安全保障の歴史的展開と「新しい戦争」の時代
- 第1次大戦期の平和主義 小考(2)
- 第1次大戦期の平和主義 小考(1)
- 第1次大戦初期のドイツの平和主義者
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- 近代西欧国際組織構想概観(2) : ハーグ平和会議の前後を中心に
- 近代西欧国際組織構想概観 : 日本国憲法第9条の歴史的位置付けのために
- 国際連盟とドイツの平和主義 : 軍事制裁の問題を中心に