フィリピン・コルディリェーラ山脈の棚田と遺産ツーリズムの課題 : 世界文化遺産としての文化的景観と地域社会

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This paper sets out to discuss some urgent issues on heritage tourism, which comprises one kind of the alternative tourisms, and to investigate the rice terraces of the Phillipine Cordilleras in Northern Luzon, the Philippines, in term of cultural landscape and Ifugao community's changes. In the first chapter, I describe the aim of this study and the background of emerging alternative tourisms. Secondly, I explore the concept of "cultural landscape" in UNESCO's world heritage list and the Agency for Cultural Affairs in Japan. In the third chapter, I make a brief survey on three of the Philippines' cultural heritages: Baroque Churches of the Philippines, Historic Town of Vigan, and Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras. In the fourth chapter, I give some characteristic features of rice terraces of Banaue municipality, the Cordilleras Administrative Region, in the context of Ifugao community. Lastly, I allude to some critical issues on heritage tourism in these eight points; 1) authenticity on landscape, 2) the workforce shortage of rice terrace, 3) hotels and infrastructures, 4) farmers' cash income sources, 5) road conditions, 6) environmental education views and its practices, 7) appropriate land-use planning, 8) criticism on eco-tourism. To sum up the major points, last thirty years of socio-economic changes, environmental degradation and political situations of Ifugao society have brought about indifference to farmer's attitude and the related rites and customs of rice terrace management. Concurrently, since the latter half of 1980s, after the adoption of world heritage in 1995 in particular, influence of tourism has drastically changed the Ifugao traditional way of life. They cannot return to the former lifestyle. Shortage of labor forces on rice terraces will desolate rice-field. Small business of wood curving and handicraft making have brought some cash income to villagers. Illegal or disorder forest logging, forest vegetation cover that induce watershed conservation, affect the environment degradation as well. We should seek the second best way in such contemporary situations.

フィリピン・コルディリェーラ山脈の棚田と遺産ツーリズムの課題 : 世界文化遺産としての文化的景観と地域社会

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