Heparan Sulfate : Structure, Biosynthesis, and Functions

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Heparan sulfate shows marked structural diversity and binds various heparin-binding proteins. These interactions in in vitro and in vivo systems have been shown to be implicated not only in various cell behavior such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, and migration, but also in tissue-morphogenesis during development. Furthermore, heparan sulfate is involved in various patho-physiological phenomena such as inflammation, blood coagulation, tumor cell malignancy and microbial infection. These biological functions are achieved mostly through the interaction between heparan sulfate and various growth factors. Heparan sulfate functions as a coreceptor for the high affinity receptors of various growth factors. Heparan sulfate present in the extracellular matrix or on the cell surface regulates the local concentrations of growth factors or morphogens, thereby forming a concentration gradient reviewing heparan sulfate proteoglycans). The divergent structures of heparan sulfate are synthesized by the successive actions of heparan sulfate-modifier enzymes (N- and O-sulfotransferases and C5-epimerase). The modification of heparan sulfate largely occurs at the Golgi but some reactions appear to occur in the extracellular space after secretion. By now, most of these modifier enzymes have been cloned and characterized. Through functional analyses of these enzymes at the level of the cell, organ and whole animal, the roles of heparan sulfate in various biological systems have been revealed.
日本結合組織学会の論文
2002-09-25

Heparan Sulfate : Structure, Biosynthesis, and Functions

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