フランスにおける近代地図作成
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This paper describes the modern cartography since the 17th century in France. In the middle 17th century, the Academy of Sciences was created in France by J-P. Colbert and the task of making precise maps of France was given to the Academy. J. Picard was nominated to the head of the newly founded Paris Observatory and the chief of the above-mentioned task. Jean Dominique Cassini (Cassini I) was invited for his aide from Italy, and since then the Cassini family contributed to surveying and mapping France during four generations unitl the French Revolution. Picard, Cassini I and their collaborators surveyed and determined the values of the geographical coordinates of the principal points of France by the astronomical observation, especially, by the method using the movements of the satellites of Jupiter. The results of their surveys were reflected on the map of La Hire (Fig.1). Nine pilot maps were made by Vivier in the Paris region at 1:86, 400 (Fig.4). The arc length of degree of the meridian line was measured by Picard between Souldon near Amien and Malvoisine near Paris by the method of triangulation chain survey in 1666 and 1667. Picard planned to cover France by a triangulation survey net, and this plan was started by Cassini I in 1683 from the base line set by Picard and proceeded rapidly southward to Bourges. Though interrupted by the death of Colbert, the work was started again in 1700 by Cassini II and his collaborators, and proceeded until Canigou, eastern Pyrenees. After checking out this survey result with those of its expeditions to Lapland and Peru, the Academy recognized the survey errors in France, and decided to survey again the meridian line of Paris, and the triangulation survey of France was started by Cassini III and his collaborators in 1733 and completed in 1744. Cassini III started to make maps at 1:86, 400 in 1750 by the order of Louis XV and completed 50 sheets including Paris area by 1760 (Fig.5). After the national budget was cut due to the Seven Years War, the task was carried out through Cassini Society by subscriptions of 50 members and succeeded by Cassini IV after the death of Cassini III in 1784. In 1793, during the French Revolution, this cartographic task of the Academy was transfered to the Depot de la Guerre, which continued and completed the task. After the Restauration, the new type topographic map was mede as "Carte d'Etat Major" at 1:80, 000 representing the relief with hachures by the Depot de la Guerre (Fig.6). In 1887, the Service Geographique de l'Armee was created as a professional mapping organization from the geographic divisions of the Depot de la Guerre, of which the Service Historique de l'Armee had already been created in 1885. In 1940, the Institut Geographique National was founded as a government civil organization, unifying the Service Geographique de l'Armee and the Service du Nivellement General de la France. The Institut has been producing various kinds of topographic and thematic maps at various scales and the geographical information systems data.
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