カナダにおける近代地図作成
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Canada is the second largest country in area in the world, and one of the most advanced countries that utilize high information technology. The outline of Canada is explained in the beginning of this paper. Next, the history of the modern topographic mapping in Canada is explained briefly, as follows: As Canada is situated in high-latitude area, the people immigrated from Europe were relatively few in early 19th century. In 1851, its population was 2436000. Comparing its large area, the lands which were covered with topographical maps were extremely limited in those days. In 1842, the Geological Survey was founded. The geologists made base maps to plot geological findings. In the latter half of the century, vast areas of Canada were explored by geologists. In 1908, Topographic Division was created in the Geological Survey of Canada to make base maps for geological survey. In 1903, a small mapping unit called the Mapping Branch of the Intelligence Department was created in the Department of Militia. It grew to the Survey Division of the Department of Militia and Defence in 1909, and to the Geographical Section of the General Staff in 1924. Meanwhile, in the Department of the Interior, the Topographical Survey Branch was formed in 1890, and made 3 miles to the inch maps of the Prairie until 1920s. In 1922, the Topographical Survey Branch became Topographic Survey of Canada. The Board of Topographical Surveys and Maps was formed with the representatives of the Topographic Survey of Canada, the Geological Survey of Canada and the Survey Division in the same year to co-ordinate their mapping. In 1927, the National Topographic System was agreed by the Topographical Survey and the Geographical Section of the General Staff. In 1936, the Department of the Interior was disbanded, and the Topographic Survey of Canada moved to the Department of Mines and Resources. The Hydrography and Map Service was founded in this Department in the same year. In 1946, the Geographical Section of the General Staff became Army Survey Establishment. In 1947, the Topographic Suevey of Canada and the Army Survey Establishment made a plan to cover the whole Canada with 9184 miles to the inch maps within 20 years and with about 130001 mile to the inch maps within 50 years. This plan was almost accomplished except the Arctic areas. In 1947, the Surveys and Mapping Branch was formed, including the Topographic Survey and other related organizations. It was enlarged to the Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector, adding Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, in 1987, and reformed and renamed as Geomatics Canada in 1994. Finally, the present activities of Canadian federal mapping organizations are explained briefly, mentionning the organization and activities of Geomatics Canada, and so on.
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