明治初期フランス人地図測量教育者ジュルダンとヴィエイヤールについて
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In the books on the modern history of survey and mapping in Japan, the names "Zyorudan" and "Bieiya" are seen as the first French engineer officers who introduced and taught French modern topographic survey and mapping in the Army schools, such as "Heigakuryou", "Kyoudoudan" and Army Military School, in 1870s. However their personal histories have not been known at all in Japan. I had a chance of studying in France from late July to late September in 2004. I looked for "Zyorudan" and "Bieiya" in the documents of the Archive Service Historique de l'Armee in Paris. Investigating the official documents, I found that "Zyorudan" and "Bieiya" are Jourdan and Vieillard, respectively. According to the official documents, Jourdan was born in 1840 at Lyon. He studied at Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole d'Application d'Artillerie et de Genie and he became the second lieutenant in 1863. He participated in the French First and Second Military Missions to Japan. In the Second Mission, he stayed in Japan about six years, from 1872 to 1878. In the first years, he edited a map symbols book "Tizu Saisiki" with his Japanese colleagues including T. Kosuge with reference to a text book of Ecole d'Application d'Artillerie et de Genie. Afterwards, he visited many important places for defence with his French colleagues of different disciplines and with many Japanese soldiers to make plans of fortification with survey and mapping. Fig.1 shows an example of his maps, map of Hirosima Bay, drawn in 1876. Vieillard was born in 1844 in Paris. He studied at Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole d'Application d'Artillerie et de Genie as well. He participated in the Second French Military Mission one year later and he stayed in Japan about three years, from 1873 to 1876. He worked to found and carry on the Army Military School as the curriculum director. Fig.2 shows an example of the Japanese first topographical maps drawn in field camp as military exercises in Narashino near Tokyo in 1875, and Fig.3 shows its map symbols. He directed six teams of topographic surveying and mapping in this field camp. Fig.4 shows a part of the members of the Army Military School, the teachers of topography and fortification in 1876. Some of their pupils who studied French modern mapping survey from them grew first-class surveyors who lead Japanese surveying and mapping later, such as T. Kosuge, the founder and the first Director of the Army Land Survey founded in 1888, the government mapping organization in Japan like the Ordnance Survey in the United Kingdom. S. Seki, then teacher of "Kyoudoudan", drew the map of Narashino (Fig.2) with his pupils under the direction of Vieillard in 1875. He edited a manual book of the "Rapid Topographic Map" with reference to a textbook on topography of Ecole d'Application d'Artillerie et de Genie in 1880. The originals of the "Rapid Topographic Maps" of Kanto Plain were drawn in color in 1880s in French military map style. He became the first Chief of the Topographic Section of the Army Land Survey and directed the early topographic survey in Japan more than ten years.
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