ブルガリアにおける社会体制の変化に伴う羊の移牧の変貌

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Bulgaria underwent a change from a socialistic regime in December 1989, and joined the EUas a member in January 2007. This article describes the transfiguration of sheep transhumance inaccordance with these political and economic changes in Bulgaria.Before the First World War, intermediate-stationed transhumance of sheep was common.Bulgarians and Karakatchans moved up into the highlands of 1,400 ～ 1,600m a.s.l. in the Rodopiand Stara Mountains during summer, and down to the Aegean and Black Sea coasts during winter.After the Second World War, sheep transhumance continued under socialistic control. TheBulgarians had their summer camps, which were huge cottages for 50 shepherds and their sheep,in the Rodopi region. The Karakatchans stayed in cottages, with sheep, shepherds and familiesliving together, in the Stara Mts. after 1959. The Karakatchans have lost their own culture andtechniques of transhumance since 1959, because strong pressures for socialization of the peoplemade it difficult for them to move freely with their sheep in the mountainous areas.The number of sheep decreased sharply after the collapse of the socialistic regime in 1989.After Bulgaria joined the EU, sheep numbers still remained small in that country. These changesin sheep numbers have had a strong effect on the degradation of grassland as pasture. The pastureareas in the Stara Mts., in particular, have undergone afforestation since 1959 in the absenceof strong stress from sheep grazing, because transhumance was stopped. In the mountain highlands,bushes and trees invaded the pastures after the collapse of the socialistic regime. Someplaces have Pinus sylvestris 16-20 years in age spreading in previous pasture areas. It seemsthat the quality of pasture grasses has become very poor for sheep. It can be said that the greatpotential for sheep transhumance has been lost in the pastures of Bulgaria already.
2010-03-10

ブルガリアにおける社会体制の変化に伴う羊の移牧の変貌

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