聖ヴォルフガング没後千年祭にみるドイツ南部のカトリック巡礼

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European Catholic pilgrimage is hardly known to Japan except for some famous cases like Santiago de Compostela and Lourdes. Though some studies in Europe have been translated and introduced, and some photograph collections have been published, we cannot find any results of detailed field researches by Japanese scholars. This paper firstly describes some cases of Catholic pilgrimage in the southern part of Germany, particularly focusing on the pilgrimage for Saint Wolfgang in 1994, the thousandth anniversary of his death. Secondly the author attempts to make clear some characteristics of it. Before going on to the main subject the life of Saint Wolfgang is depicted. He was born in about 925, served more than 20 years as a Bishop of Regensburg (Ratisbon) Diocese, and died in 994. He has been called a patron saint of the Diocese, and his remains have been preserved as relics in the St. Emmeram Church in Regensburg. His worschip has been popular from the 14th century, but somehow St. Wolfgang am Wolfgangsee (by Wolfgang Lake) in Austria has become its center. In 1994 Regensburg Diocese as well as other places held various events for his thousandth anniversary including some pilgrimages. Three important events among them are as follows: (1) A diocesan pilgrimage to Mary's pilgrim place Einsiedeln (in Switzerland) where Saint Wolfgang had stayed for some years as a monk in the abbey. Pilgrims led by the Bishop visited from 26 to 29 May not only Einsiedeln but also Sachseln and Flueli which are concerned with the patron saint of Switzerland, Saint Nicholas von Flue. (2) The feast week for the anniversary from 25 June to 3 July in Regensburg. The schedule is shown in Table 1. Among many events there were some pilgrimages, which included women's pilgrimage, seniors' pilgrimage, KAB (Catholic Laborer Movement) pilgrimage, a pilgrimage from Pupping Parish in Austria, and youth pilgrimage that is later described in detail. (3) The transfer of the relic's shrine of Saint Wolfgang (cf. Photo 6) on 23 September to Pupping where he had died and a diocesan pilgrimage there on 25 September. On their way back to Regensburg they dropped by a St. Wolfgang Church which is famous for Saint Conrad of Parzham. There were many other pilgrimages for Saint Wolfgang from/to Regensburg in 1994. Cases A and B are from Regensburg to other places, and in cases C to L pilgrims came to Regensburg. The author picks up four elements from every case, namely, the pilgrim day of the week, the land (diocese) of origin of the pilgrim group, the spatial unit of the pilgrim group (promoter), and events at the destination. The results are as shown in the Table 2. Through this table following characteristics can be pointed out. 1. Pilgrim days concentrate on Saturday and Sunday. Particularly in case of day trip pilgrimages are made almost on Saturday somehow. 2. Most of the pilgrim groups to Regensburg are from Bayern (Bavaria), which is followed by Oberosterreich in Austria and Baden-Wurttemberg. Therefore it can be said that the southern part of Germany and a part of Austria are the catchment area of Regensburg in terms of the worship of Saint Wolfgang. 3. Two main spatial units of the pilgrim group are a diocese and a parish. In case of diocesan pilgrimage the group is often formed by a diocesan Catholic organization like a women's society and a laborer's association rather than a diocese itself. In the meanwhile parishes in which pilgrimage is organized often take Saint Wolfgang as their patron. 4. All of the parish pilgrimages in above-mentioned cases are from the outside of Regensburg Diocese, and pilgrims from its inside come to Regensburg as a member of a diocesan pilgrim group. It seems that this year the appeal for pilgrimage from the side of the Diocese has influenced this result. 5. Events at the pilgrim destination include a Mass in every case that the pilgrim schedule is known. It suggests that the pilgrim group is led by, or includes, a clergyman; otherwise it asks some clergyman at the destination for a Mass, or it shares in a regular Mass. 6. In case of pilgrimage by a Catholic organization a meeting is often held in addition to a service. Some pilgrimages have also an element of tourism. 7. Scenes of walking procession can been observed in some pilgrimages, e.g., cases (1), (2)-a and (3) (cf. Photo 2 and 4). They could be regarded as traces of walking pilgrimage. The latter half of the paper describes youth pilgrimage in detail, based on the author's participant observation. It was made on 25 June, the first day of the feast week, promoted by the youth office of Bishop. Early in the morning young pilgrims started from five points around Regensburg and walked to the St. Emmeram Church (Fig. 3 & 4). After arrival a Mass was held from eleven o'clock, and in the afternoon they took part in the festival of encounter. The course of events is shown in Photo 7 to 16. It is geographically interesting that the pilgrim route tends to avoid city area and some stations exist on the way where pilgrims hold a service. However, their locations can easily be changed perhaps due to the lack of tradition. Many of the pilgrimages taken up in this paper were probably made only for the thousandth anniversary. Analyses focusing on annual pilgrimages might lead to another result, which should be a next problem to be solved.
駒澤大学の論文

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小田匡保
駒澤大学文学部地理学教室

聖ヴォルフガング没後千年祭にみるドイツ南部のカトリック巡礼

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