Left Ventricular Hypertrophy is Unrelated to Pulse Wave Velocity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

スポンサーリンク

概要

• 論文の詳細を見る

• Objective: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a noninvasive method for assessing atherosclerosis, and there have been many recent reports on the relationship between PWV and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the association between PWV and LVH in diabetic patients. Patients and Methods: Forty-three outpatients with type 2 diabetes participated in the study. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was determined by echocardiography, while the brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) was measured using a recently developed device (ABI/PWV). Results: There was no significant correlation between mean baPWV and LVMI in diabetic patients (r=0.05, 0= 0.756) using univariable analysis. Multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of mean baPWV to LVMI was also not significant, even when controlled by compounding factors, and was shown to be much weaker than the effects of systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index (BMI), and nephropathy. Conclusion: Mean baPWV was less of an influence on LVH than BMI, SBP, or diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. In diabetes, non-haemodynamic factors might play a greater role in the pathogenesis of LVH than haemodymanic factors.

• 新潟大学の論文

著者

• AIZAWA Yoshifusa

  Division of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences

• TANABE Naohito

  Division of Health Promotion, Department of Community Preventive Medicine

• KODAMA Makoto

  Division of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences

• Suzuki Keisuke

  Sado General Hospital

• Kodama Makoto

  Division Of Cardiology Niigata University Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sciences

• Suzuki Keisuke

  新潟大学 医歯学総合研究科

• Suzuki Kenji

  Dep. Of Gastroenterology And Hepatology Niigata Univ. Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sciences

• HIRAYAMA Satoshi

  Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental S

• SUZUKI Katsunori

  Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental S

• HANYU Osamu

  Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental S

• Tanabe Naohito

  新潟大学 医歯学総合研究科

• Tanabe N

  Division Of Health Promotion Department Of Public Health Niigata University Graduate School Of Medic

• Tanabe Naohito

  名古屋大学 公衆衛

• Hirayama S

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Department Of Homeostatic Regulation And Development Niigat

• Kodama Makoto

  Division Of Cardiology Department Of Cardiovascular And Vital Control Niigata University Graduate Sc

• Ito Takako

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Department Of Homeostatic Regulation And Development Gradua

• ABE Eri

  Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niig

• KOSUGE Keiichiro

  Diabetes Center, Niigata-Kobari Hospital

• KOSUGE Keiichiro

  Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Grad

• Tanabe Naohito

  Div. Of Public Health Dep. Of Infectious Disease Control And International Medicine Graduate School

• Tanabe Naohito

  Department Of Public Health Niigata University Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sciences

• Tanabe Naohito

  Division Of Health Promotion Department Of Community Preventive Medicine

• Abe Eri

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Department Of Homeostatic Regulation And Development Niigat

• Kosuge Keiichiro

  Diabetes Center Niigata-kobari Hospital

• Hirayama Satoshi

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Department Of Homeostatic Regulation And Development Niigat

• Hanyu Osamu

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Department Of Homeostatic Regulation And Development Niigat

• Suzuki Katsunori

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Niigata University Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sc

• Suzuki Katsunori

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Saiseikai Niigata Second Hospital

• Aizawa Yoshifusa

  Division Of Cardiology First Department Of Internal Medicine Niigata University Graduate School Of M

• Tanabe N

  Division Of Health Promotion Niigata University Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sciences

• Suzuki Kaoru

  Dep. Of Gastroenterology And Hepatology Niigata Univ. Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sciences

• Suzuki Katsunori

  Division Of Endocrinology And Metabolism Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sciences Niigata Univ

• Suzuki Kaoru

  Third Dep. Of Medicine Graduate School Of Medical And Dental Sciences Niigata Univ.

• Hirayama Satoshi

  Division Of Cardiology Niigata University School Of Medical And Dental Sciences

• Suzuki Keisuke

  First Department Of Internal Medicine Niigata University School Of Medicine

関連論文

• Improved cardiac function after sirolimus-eluting stent placement in diabetic patients by pioglitazone : Combination therapy with statin
• PJ-366 Phase I/II Clinical Study of Angiogenic Therapy by Ex-Vivo Expanded Erythroblast Transplantation (EVEETA) for the Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia(PJ062,Regeneration (Basic, Clinical) (M),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Mee
• A chronic myeloid leukemia patient with atypical karyotype and BCR-ABL e13a3 transcript caused by complex chromosome rearrangement
• PJ-366 Phase I/II Clinical Study of Angiogenic Therapy by Ex-Vivo Expanded Erythroblast Transplantation (EVEETA) for the Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia(PJ062,Regeneration (Basic, Clinical) (M),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Mee
• PJ-169 Intravenous erythropoietin administration attenuated monocrotaline-induced rat pulmonary hypertension(Pulmonary circulation(03)(H),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• OJ-122 Ex Vivo Expanded Erythroblast-Transplantation (Autologous) Therapy, EVEETA, a Novel Remedy for Severe Limb Ischemia.(Regeneration(angiogenesis / myocardial regeneration)(02)(M),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the
• PJ-004 Clinical and ECG Characteristics as a Predictor of Recurrence of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia (VTA) in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)(PJ001,Arrhythmia, Others (Clinical/Pathophysiology) 1 (A),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annua
• Health-Related Quality of Life of Outpatients With Systolic and Isolated Diastolic Dysfunction : Sado Heart Failure Study
• Comparative Analysis of Systolic and Isolated Diastolic Dysfunction : Sado Heart Failure Study
• Characterization of Outpatients With Isolated Diastolic Dysfunction and Evaluation of the Burden in a Japanese Community : Sado Heart Failure Study
• Lipocalin-2/Neutrophil Gelatinase-B Associated Lipocalin Is Strongly Induced in Hearts of Rats With Autoimmune Myocarditis and in Human Myocarditis
• Longitudinal Change in Renal Function in Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Without Renal Insufficiency at Initial Diagnosis
• Optimal Treatment Strategy for Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation : J-RHYTHM Study(Arrhythmia/Electrophysiology)
• Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcome of Tachycardia Induced Cardiomyopathy
• Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide during Myeloablative Stem Cell Transplantation
• Pericardial Abscess Detected by Gallium-67 Scintigraphy 40 Years After Cardiac Surgery
• Endovascular Stent-Grafting for Recurrent Aneurysm in Behcets Disease
• A Case-control Pilot Study on n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid as a Negative Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction
• Inappropriate Discharges of Intravenous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Owing to Lead Failure
• Effects of Imidapril and TA-606 on Rat Dilated Cardiomyopathy After Myocarditis
• Plasma Levels of Soluble Thrombomodulin, C-reactive Protein, and Serum Amyloid A Protein in the Atherosclerotic Coronary Circulation
• Relationship Between Serum Lipoprotein (a) Concentrations and Coronary Vasomotion in Coronary Spastic Angina
• Clinical Application of Bone Marrow Implantation in Patients With Arteriosclerosis Obliterans, and the Association Between Efficacy and the Number of Implanted Bone Marrow Cells
• PJ-284 Effect of Nicorandil on Arterial Wall Stiffness in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease(Atherosclerosis, Clinical 3 (IHD) : PJ48)(Poster Session (Japanese))
• Thromboangitis Obliterance (TAO) in Niigata (Three Years Cohort Study)
• Osborn Wave in Accidental Hypothermia
• Excess Accumulation of Risk Factors in Ischemic Heart Disease
• Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of cyclosporine A (CsA) to find the best single time point for the monitoring and adjusting of CsA dose using twice-daily 3-h intravenous infusions in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
• FRS-149 Mutation Site-Specific Differences in Arrhythmic Risk and Sensitivity to Sympathetic Stimulation in Japanese Families with Congenital LQT1 Syndrome(Sudden Cardiac Death (A) : FRS18)(Featured Research Session (English))
• 5 Genotype- and Mutation site-Specific Differences in Arrhythmic Risk and Sensitivity to Sympathetic Stimulation in the Long QT Syndrome(APSC/JCS Joint Symposium (APSC) (H) : Emerging Issue in Cardiology for Asian)(Special Program)
• PJ-688 The Abnormality of QT/RR Relationship in Brugada Syndrome and Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation without Prominent J-wave(PJ116,Ventricular Arrhythmia (Clinical/Pathophysiology) (A),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of T
• PJ-089 Characteristics of the Subsequent Recurrence of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia in Patients under ICD Therapy, Concern of Driving(PJ015,ICD (M),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-004 Clinical and ECG Characteristics as a Predictor of Recurrence of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia (VTA) in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)(PJ001,Arrhythmia, Others (Clinical/Pathophysiology) 1 (A),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annua
• PE-105 Exercise-induced QT Interval Prolongation and Its Relation to the Cardiac Events in Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) Carrying KCNQ1-Mutations(PE018,Arrhythmia, Others (Clinical/Pathophysiology) (A),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting
• 4 Relationship between Drug-Induced QT Prolongation and Bradycardia Dependent QT Prolongation : Usefulness for Risk Factors of Drug-induced Long QT Syndrome(Proarrhythmic Risk of Drugs and Their Evaluation,Symposium 7 (SY-07) (I),The 73rd Annual Scientifi
• Preservation of Renal Function in Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
• PJ-605 ECG characteristics of the time course of inappropriate ICD shocks due to T-wave double count(Arrhythmia, therapy(21)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Characterization of Outpatients With Systolic Dysfunction in a Japanese Community by Total Enumeration : Sado Heart Failure Study
• OJ-150 Antiarrhythmic Effects of Bepridil to Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias : Focus on the Transmural Dispersion of Repolarization and Sympathetic Nerve Activity(Arrhythmia, basic-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-213 Impact of Exercise Capacity on the Quality of Life in Patients with Diastolic Dysfunction : Niigata Sado Heart Failure Study(Heart failure, clinical-16 (M) PJ36,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanes
• PJ-061 Relation between Quality of Life and Clinical Parameters in Patients with Systolic Dysfunction Niigata Sado Heart Failure Study(Heart failure, clinical-19 (M) PJ11,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japa
• Predictors of Adverse Long-Term Outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty : With Special Reference to the Admission Concentration of Lipoprotein (a)
• Distinct U Wave Changes in Patients With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)
• Decrease in Amplitude of Intracardiac Ventricular Electrogram and Inappropriate Therapy in Patients With an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
• Different Gene Expression of Potassium Channels by Thyroid Hormone and an Antithyroid Drug Between the Atrium and Ventricle of Rats
• PJ-494 Role of Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Therapeutic Effect of Beta-blockers for Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (PVT) in a Canine LQT3 Model(Autonomic nervous system-5 (H) PJ83,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Mee
• PE-135 Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia Associated with Sarcoidosis : Comparison with Ischemic Heart Disease(Arrhythmia, diagnosis/pathophysiology/EPS-8 (A) PE23,Poster Session (English),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scien
• OJ-376 Incidence and Initial Pattern of Pilsicainide Induced Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (PVT) in Patients with Brugada-like ECG Abnormality(ECG/Body surface potential mapping/Holter-3 (A) OJ63,Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Ann
• OJ-375 STJ Normalization by Quinidine was Associated with QT Prolongation in Precordial Lead Due to Restoration of the Phase 2 Dome(ECG/Body surface potential mapping/Holter-3 (A) OJ63,Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Me
• Incidence and Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation in Subjects without Structural Heart Disease(Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education/Health Policy 1 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Indications for an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
• PJ-574 A Novel Missense Mutation (R2401H) in the Human Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Gene (RyR2) in Patient with Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia(Arrhythmia, Basic and Diagnosis/Pathophysiology/EPS (A) : PJ96)(Poster Session (Japanese))
• PE-109 The Results of Electrophysiological Study for Nifekalant can Predict the Efficacy of Chronic Sotalol Treatment in Patients with Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia.(Arrhythmia, Pharmacological Therapy 1 (A) : PE19)(Poster Session (English))
• PE-004 Spontaneous Fibrillation Occurs in Rat Fetal Myocytes by Adenovirus Mediated Overexpression of a Voltage-gated Potassium Channel Kv1.5(Arrhythmia, Basic 2 (A) : PE1)(Poster Session (English))
• OJ-234 Possibility and Problems to resume driving in patients with Implantable-Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) : Estimated risk of future ICD therapy(Arrhythmia, Diagnosis/Pathophysiology/EPS 9 (A) : OJ27)(Oral Presentation (Japanese))
• Imatinib Mesilate Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia via Growth Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a Rat Model of Balloon Injury
• Bridging Collateral from an Internal Mammary Arterial Graft to a Coronary Artery
• PJ-532 Cardiac Myocytes in Myocarditis Markedly Increase Gene Expression of Anti-angiogenic Protein Endostatin(Myocarditis, basic/clinical-2, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-711 The Effect of Asialoerythropoietin on Angiogenesis(Regeneration (angionenesis/myocardial regeneration)-7 (M) PJ119,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-274 Factor Analysis for Predicting the Prognosis of Ischemic Limbs after Cell Therapy(Peripheral circulation-7 (H) PJ46,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Erythroid Cells Play a Central Role in Angio/vasculogenesis in Bone Marrow Implantation (Molecular Biology, Vascular 2 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Dramatic Increase of Pancreatitis Associated Protein(PAP) Expression in Cardiomyocytes in Acute Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis (Myocarditis, Basic/Clinical 2 (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Erythropoiesis Induced Angiogenesis In Vitro(Angiogenesis 4 (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-371 Enhancing Effect of Erythropoietin on Neovascularization by Implantation of Bone Marrow Cells in Vivo(Angiogenesis 3 (IHD) : PJ62)(Poster Session (Japanese))
• OJ-265 Erythropoiesis Induced Angiogenesis in Vitro(Angiogenesis 2 (M) : OJ31)(Oral Presentation (Japanese))
• OJ-184 Serum Erythropoietin Level Was a Sensitive Marker of Limb Ischemia Receiving Implantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells(Peripheral Circulation/Vascular Disease 1 (H) : OJ21)(Oral Presentation (Japanese))
• A rare case of Graves' disease during regular hemodialysis
• FR167653 improved the Progression of the Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by suppressing IL-1 β production
• Gene therapy on EAM with pCAGGS plasmid encoding SLPI/IgG_1Fc chimera
• Atrial Fibrillation Revisited : With a Special Reference to Primary Prevention
• BAFF Is Expressed on Human Platelets and Upregulated by Activation
• Efficacy of Procainamide and Lidocaine in Terminating Sustained Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia : Retrospective Case Series
• 2 Evaluation of the Prospective Observation of Erythropoietin-Administration for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction (EPO-AMI)(Late Breaking Clinical Trials II,The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
• Effects on 4,4'-Diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid (DIDS) and Chlorpromazine on NO_3^- Transport via Anion Exchanger in Erythrocytes : Inertness of DIDS in Whole Blood
• The Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Lipid Lowering with Atorvastatin in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
• Event Rates of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Deaths in Niigata and Nagaoka Cities in Japan
• OJ-083 KCNQ1 Mutation Causing Defective Channel Trafficking and Dominant-Negative Suppression Underlie Severe Phenotype of Congenital Long QT Syndrome(Arrhythmia, Basic 1 (A) : OJ10)(Oral Presentation (Japanese))
• OE-215 Future Projection of Heart Failure in Japan by the Year 2055(Heart failure, clinical(03)(M),Oral Presentation(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Impending Epidemic : Future Projection of Heart Failure in Japan to the Year 2055
• OJ-236 "Reverse Epidemiology" in Japanese Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Hypercholesterolemia (Niigata-Sado Heart Failure Study)(Heart failure, clinical-06, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• OE-034 The Association Between the Type of Cardiac Dysfunction and Hospitalization Due to Congestive Heart Failure(Heart failure, clinical-01, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Elderly Patients with Systolic Dysfunction in the Community (Niigata-Sado Heart Failure Study) (Heart Failure, Clinical 16 (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Approximate Prevalence of Diastolic Dysfunction in the Community (Niigata-Sado Heart Failure Study) (Heart Failure, Clinical 16 (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Burden of Systolic and Diastolic Ventricular Dysfunction in the Community (Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education/Health Policy 6 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Alteration of IL-17 Related Protein Expressions in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis and Inhibition of IL-17 by IL-10-Ig Fusion Gene Transfer
• PJ-007 Expression of Hepcidin Increases in Cardiomyocytes under Myocarditis and Myocardial Infarction(Acute myocardial infarction, basic(02)(IHD),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-623 Long-Term Change of Renal Function in Japanese Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy(Heart failure, clinical-16, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• OJ-083 Mechanical Alternans is a Possible Linker between Heart Failure and Ventricular Fibrillation(Heart failure, clinical-05, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• The Optimal Cut-off Point of C-Reactive Protein as an Optional Component of Metabolic Syndrome in Japan
• OJ-146 Lipocalin-2 a New Biomarker of Inflammatory Heart Disease?(OJ25,Myocarditis, Basic/ Clinical (M),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-458 Serum Endostatin in the Coronary Circulation of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Its Relation to Coronary Collateral Formation(Coronary circulation, basic/clinical-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Effect of Valsartan, an Angiotensin-II-Receptor Antagonist, on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
• Systolic Dysfunction in Urban Japan : Niigata-Sado Heart Failure Study
• PJ-204 Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Events in the Outpatients with Systolic Dysfunction : Niigata Heart Failure Study(Heart failure, clinical-11 (M) PJ34,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circula
• PJ-065 An Epidemic of Systolic Heart Failure is being Realizing in an Urban Area in Japan Niigata-Sado Heart Failure Study(Heart failure, clinical-19 (M) PJ11,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Ci
• Evaluation of Candidates of Biventricular Pacing Therapy in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Early and Long-Term Mortality of the Clinical Subtypes of Myocarditis
• Mutational Analysis of Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Genes (RyR2) in Patients with Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy(Arrhythmia, Basic 2 (A), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Ja
• PJ-201 A Compound Heterozygous Mutation in KCNQ1 Associated with Long QT Syndrome(Arrhythmia, basic(05)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-740 Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), but not Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Attenuated Ang II-induced EC Senescence by Inhibiting PIP3/rac1 Activity(PJ124,Peripheral Cirulation/Vascular Disease (Therapy) 4 (H),Poster Session (Japanese),The 7

もっと見る 閉じる

スポンサーリンク