Mechanisms and Processes of Crust Formation on Artificial Aggregates : III. Relations between Natural Rainfall Characteristics and Degree of Crusting

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概要

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• Crust formation process initiates from aggregate disintegration occurred through the combined effects of inherent soil properties and external actions. Rainfall plays a major role in determining the moisture conditions of the soil surface and in triggering aggregate disintegration mainly through slaking and the impact of raindrops. To analyze the relations between rainfall characteristics and crust formation, three artificially granulated aggregates were exposed to natural rainfall events. The rainfall characteristics were expressed in terms of the distribution pattern of rainfall intensity, I_<10 min>; mean weighted drop diameters, D_n; raindrop concentration, N_<Dn>; rainfall energy, E_t; and kinetic energy, KE; as well as conventionally used parameters, such as total amount and mean intensity of rainfall. The degree of crusting was evaluated in terms of the water permeability and morphological observation just after the rainfall treatment. Based on a comparison of the rainfall characteristics and degree of crusting, we confirmed the following relations. Rainfall characteristics at the onset of the event considerably influence the degree of crusting, i.e. initial rainfall with high I_<10 min> and large drop size promotes aggregate disintegration by slaking due to rapid wetting, whereas initial gentle rainfall prevents slaking by slow wetting and subsequent crusting. When initial rainfall is not sufficient for slaking but leads to a weakening of the aggregates, subsequent disintegration and crusting are promoted by impact together with the residual influence of slaking. Impact is a dominant factor for aggregate disintegration under wet conditions after initial rainfall which is so gentle that slaking never occurs. Responses of the soils under different natural rainfall conditions were almost consistent with the results under simulated rainfall reported in the previous papers (Tanaka et al. 1997: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 43, 99-107, 109-115). Crusting was not observed in the Fujino 1-3 soil under any rainfall events. In the Hokuei 1-3 soil, characterized by a susceptibility to slaking and stability to impact, crusting was only formed under the rainfall with high I_<10 min> at the onset. For the Shimazu 1 soil, impact played a dominant role in crusting under any rainfall events, and a larger degree of crusting was found when the effects of impact and slaking were combined. The characteristics of rainfall monitored in this study may be within a normal range as natural rainfall in terms of the almount and the mean intensity, suggesting that crusting likely to occur if the aggre-gate stability of soils is lower than or similar to that of the Shimazu 1 and the Hokuei 1-3 soils.

• 社団法人日本土壌肥料学会の論文

著者

• Tanaka U

  Grduate School Of Agriculture Kyoto University

• Kosaki Takashi

  Grduate School Of Agriculture Kyoto University

• KYUMA Kazutake

  Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University

• Tanaka Ueru

  Grduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University

• Yokoi Yoshio

  Hokkaido Central Agricultural Experiment Station

• Kyuma K

  Faculty Of Environmental Science The University Of Shiga Prefecture

• Yokoi Y

  Hokkaido Central Agricultural Experiment Station

• Kyuma Kazutake

  Faculty Of Agriculture Kyoto University

• Kyuma Kazutake

  Faculty Of Agriculture Kinki University

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