コモンズ論に関する一考察 : 資源の所有・利用・管理

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So far, development and environmental economics have not established the integrated theory appropriate to explain the linkages between public, private and communal sectors in economic development and environmental conservation, although NGOs and voluntary actors have played a much more important role as the countervailing power against the governments' intervention and market force. This paper focuses on the theoretical thought on the role of the resource-managing community in terms of equitable and sustainable resource use. From the perspective of the mobilization of the local communities for the environment and resource management, the development of the "commons" theories, which derives from "the tragedies of the commons" by Garrett Hardin, is the key concept needed to understand what sort of designing institution make the best contribution to effective resource management. Hardin attributed the resource depletion and destruction to the open accessibility of communal resources and insisted that clear property rights, private or public aside, is the only way to prevent such destruction. Although human ecologists, developmentalists and global resource managers (GRMs) have critically reviewed the tragedies of the commons, there are two significant dimensions of the controversies over the commons. One is on the definition of the commons, another is related to the effectiveness of the communal resource management system. Hardin confused the open-to-all resources with the commons, but Elenor Ostrum argues that common pool resources should be distinguished from communal property system (the commons). David Feeny and his colleagues suggest that the communal resource management institutions that can be called "local commons" succeeded in making equitable and sustainable resource utilization among the community members. In the 1990s, a large number of international institutions and organizations have been established to control over global resources such as ozone layer, oceans and biological diversity. The GRMS Such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, on the one hand, provide that traditional or indigenous knowledge which local inhabitants and natives depend on as local commons should be sustained and conserved. On the other hand, the GRMs like the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) are privatizing local commons through the application of intellectual property right to the invention and development of gene-related products or to the local inhabitants' traditional and indigenous knowledge on gene resources endowment in the local communities. This paper concludes that the commons theories should focus more on the relations between the dilution and revitalization of local commons and the global expansion of the GRMs activities.
北海道東海大学の論文

コモンズ論に関する一考察 : 資源の所有・利用・管理

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