心理学の隘路と社会問題への新たな実践 : 東日本大震災からの問い(<特集>社会的実践と心理学)

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概要

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• The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster (March 11, 2011) caused enormous damage to Japanese society, and provoked critical questions about modern psychology. Existing cognitive psychological research, which leans on the personal information processing model, made a relatively small contribution to disaster relief and mental care. In comparison, non-cognitive psychological approaches, such as the discursive approach, longitudinal practice, and irrational but interactional stances, played major aid roles in the disaster-stricken area. (1) Regarding disaster prevention, existing cognitive psychology holds that the rational thinking of normal adults is important in emergency situations. Nevertheless, elementary school children were able to play important roles when the disaster occurred. In Kamaishi, school children who had studied disasters took prompt evacuation activity and encouraged their parents and neighbors to escape when the huge tsunami occurred. We were made aware of the abilities of children and the capacities of relatively weak individuals in emergency situations. (2) After the Great Hanshin Earthquake (January 17, 1995), disaster relief volunteers became active in Japan, and the institutionalization and regulation of disaster relief volunteers advanced. Government offices wanted to make efficient, effective use of manpower. However, local government offices were severely damaged during the 2011 disaster and they could not control the volunteers efficiently. Many volunteers participated in disaster-relief activities spontaneously, without official control. The irrational behavior and wastefulness of volunteers were important factors in the emergency situation. (3) "Mental care (kokoro-no-care)" became a popular phrase during the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995. During the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, many organizations and therapists descended on the disaster-stricken area and visited shelters; some therapists forced unwanted questionnaires on the disaster sufferers. Some disaster sufferers reported that they did not want or need mental care. Alternatively, physical interactions, such as foot bathing (ashi-yu) were desired. In some cases, the victims of past disasters, such as Hanshin in 1995 and Chuetsu in 2004, acted as caregivers in the disaster-stricken area. The interaction of different disaster sufferers, which was called "a relay of disaster-stricken areas", had advantageous effects on mental care. These three examples show the importance of a longitudinal discursive approach and the irrational but interactional physical approach. The psychological meaning of disasters and the need to change modern psychology are also discussed.

• 2013-12-16

著者

• 八ッ塚 一郎

  熊本大学

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