第三共和政期フランスにおける労災問題

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Social reform under the French Third Republic is characterized by a wide range of state intervention in labor and social policies, especially from 1890s on, for the purpose of resolving the "social problem". The French economy at the turn of the century experienced a conversion from classical liberalism to interventionist liberalism. Considering the meaning of state intervention in liberal economic activities, this article examines the relations between the State and French industry in the matter of industrial accidents. First of all, the Industrial Accident Compensation Law, legislated in 1898, introduced the principle of no-fault liability based on "professional risk", and obliged employers to pay compensation for workmen's injury in case of accidents. However, Parliament also adopted a fixed rate compensation rule as well as a voluntary insurance system in consideration of employers' current situation. Thus, the law was accepted positively in the industrial world. As for the prevention of industrial accidents, the rivalry between the State and industrial circles was more evident. Industrialists were in frequent friction with labor inspectors regarding security facilities. The Labor Inspection Bureau, composed of technical experts, increased its participation in hygiene and safety issues, keeping its distance from both employers and the employed. In the context of ideas of social reform under the Third Republic, issues of industrial accidents were mainly treated in two ideological streams: solidarisme and the patronage theory. There was a sharp difference between these thoughts, especially concerning the range of professional risk and the significance of insurance institution. But their opinions coincided in point of organizing intermediary groups based on the principle of mutual aid. Finally, labor physiology stood out as a natural scientific approach to industrial accidents. Analyzing the relation between professional fatigue and industrial accidents, labor physiologists presented a conception of economic modernization, which legitimated active state intervention in labor questions. In cooperation with the Ministry of Labor, they exerted a greater influence on the discussion of social reform in the early part of the 20th century.
2009-04-30

著者

齊藤佳史
専修大学

第三共和政期フランスにおける労災問題

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