ハイエクの技術観(大会報告・共通論題:新自由主義-その理論的・歴史的検討-)

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Hayek did not treat of technology as such. However, we can infer his views on technology through many key passages on trade cycles, critique of socialism, and competition. Hayek regards technology as the "results of accumulation of knowledge". This idea of technology is one of the basic factors forming his analysis and critique of socialism, because it permits the idea of distinguishing knowledge that can be centralised from that which cannot be. Knowledge on commerce or trade that is particular to a certain time and space cannot be centralised. Here, we cannot substitute this type of knowledge for the other type of knowledge on science or technology that can be centralised. Hayek argues that the centrally planned economy does not work because it supposes this impossible substitution to be possible. It is true that Hayek's idea of technology effectively functions for his analysis of the socialist planned economy. But it also shows many failures in his hypothetical analysis of socialism in general and engineers in general. First, Hayek asserts, Marx's philosophy of history regards everything to be regulated knowledge of technology, so that Marx's philosophy of history is not materialist but idealist in nature, because it views history as circumscribed by knowledge. However, this opinion is far from the truth. Second, Hayek regards engineers as people who disregard economic calculation and misallocate natural resources. However, it is the military, not engineers, that are principally to blame for ignorance of economic calculation. Nor is there any reason for denying that businessmen's misallocations of natural resources are bigger than engineers'. Hayek views scientists and engineers as similar to priests or monks, because both types accumulate knowledge. But scientists and engineers do not only accumulate forms of knowledge but also destroy them. This is not the case with priests. Further, Hayek denies the tendency of industry toward centralization. He thinks that consumers and firms can choose technology and avoid monopolistic normalization, which functions as a counterforce against centralization. But generally speaking, economic agencies cannot choose technologies as if they were forms of knowledge. Technologies appear as economic forces which are unavoidable. It may appear that Hayek's thought has gained credibility, since information technologies are similar to the essential character of technology posited by Hayek. Software is something like an accumulation of knowledge, so there seems to be a dispersal of economic power, and every person can trade his commodity or his ability without any organization like a trade union. However, this is an illusion. Information is one thing but knowledge is another. And Hayek' idea of technology has serious defects which lead to erroneous thories, some of which we have shown in this article.
政治経済学・経済史学会の論文
2001-04-20

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土井日出夫
横浜国立大学

ハイエクの技術観(大会報告・共通論題:新自由主義-その理論的・歴史的検討-)

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