日常会話の中のパワーマネージメント
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概要
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In ordinary conversations, every participant expects that their social relationship to other participants be respected throughout the interaction. These social relationships involve power and solidarity, which are measured by vertical and horizontal social scales respectively. We may, however, sometimes feel that the speaker is engaging in one-upmanship or putting us in an inferior position by saying something in the course of communication. When such situations occur, the hearer may try to recover his/her original position relative to the speaker on the power scale, using various strategies. This study explores when and how the power relation between the speaker and the hearer involved in everyday conversation changes and can be re-established, based on two surveys and two recorded conversations. The first survey was given to about 170 subjects who were asked to describe experiences in which they felt put in an inferior position by the speaker's utterances. Four types of utterances which could lower the hearer's position relative to the speaker were identified: (1) utterances that express negative evaluation of hearer's ability, knowledge or experiences, (2) those in which the speaker imposes his/her view on the hearer, (3) those in which by conferring a favor the speaker places himself/herself in a superior position, and (4) those in which the speaker boasts about himself/herself. The second survey was conducted to find out responses to those situations in which the hearer's position relative to the speaker was lowered. The subjects reported that they used measures such as silence, topic change and direct counterarguments to re cover their originally assumed status. In order to determine whether these measures are actually employed in natural conversation, several conversations between friends or acquaintances were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. While silence and topic change were used to regain the original status, direct counterarguments were not found in the recorded data. Instead, strategies in which the subject stated his/her unique experiences or depreciated the other party's ability or experience were seen. Some solidary strategies were also observed between the one in a inferior position and other participants in the interaction. This paper reveals that even in everyday friendly conversations, regardless of whether they are conscious or unconscious of the process, participants engage in power management when they feel their status in the power dimension is lowered.
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