The Rise of Tambralinga and the Southeast Asian Commercial Boom in the Thirteenth Century

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The state of Tambralinga (Danmaling), located around Nakhon Sithammaratin the central Malay Peninsula, grew enormously during the 13th century. Itis first mentioned in the Daoyizazhi (1270s) as having brought tribute to theSouthern Song in 1196. During the reign of Candrabanu (Chaiya inscription of1230) it advanced into Sri Lanka (1247_62), placing the northern part of theisland under its rule, and also fought with the king of Pandya in southern India.According to the Dadenanhaizhi (1304), Danmaling was one of the leadingpowers of Southeast Asia along with Zhancheng (Champa), Zhenla (Khmer)and Shepo ( Java), and the entire Malay Peninsula fell within its sphere of influence.But Tambralinga's growth did not continue for long, and as Malayu,backed by Java, advanced from the south and the newly emerging state of Xian(or maritime Siam) advanced from the north, it fell into oblivion in the courseof the ensuing conflict. By the second half of the 14th century, Java(Majapahit) too had recognized Nakhon Sithammarat as belonging to Siam.In accounts of Southeast Asian history, Java, Cambodia, Burma and theStraits of Malacca (especially Srivijaya in the 7th to 8th centuries and Melakain the 15th century) often play the leading roles, whereas the central MalayPeninsula occupies only a secondary position. But in the 13th centuryTambralinga was one of the leading players, and its military advance into SriLanka was a rare example of an advance across the sea to another region bya Southeast Asian power.What brought about this enormous growth experienced by Tambralinga ? M.Jacq-Hergoualc'h, in his recent opus on the ancient and medieval history ofthe Malay Peninsula (2002: 391_441), attributes it to the commercial boom ofthe 12th and 13th centuries. It is necessary to examine this commercial boomin greater detail, for judging from the discoveries of trade ceramics it was aphenomenon not confined to the central Malay Peninsula, but also to be observedwidely throughout insular Southeast Asia. This raises the question ofwhy this commercial boom should have benefited the central Malay Peninsulain particular.Behind the rise of Tambralinga, beside the expanding influence of China,was an increase in Southeast Asia's own economic importance, accompaniedby growing ties with Sri Lanka by way of Theravada Buddhism and the Palilanguage. Another factor may have been changes in the role of the Straits ofMalacca. Whereas their former function as a centre of trade and maritime traffichad allowed the old piracy-based Sanfoqi to thrive, as described in theLingwaidaida and Zhufanzhi, since the decline of Sanfoqi the Straits had becomeno more than a maritime passageway, opening the way for the rise of adifferent kind of state on the Malay Peninsula.
2006-12-05

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深見純生
桃山学院大学国際教養学部

The Rise of Tambralinga and the Southeast Asian Commercial Boom in the Thirteenth Century

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