欧州における政治経済秩序の再編 : EUとNATOの拡大を中心として

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This article analyzes the EU's and NATO's eastward enlargement in the post-Cold War era. The EU accepted the ten central and eastern European countries (CEECs) as new members in May, 2004. The EU's expansion plan has presented the serious issues for both the EU and the CEECs. For the EU, the main issues are reorganization of fiscal reform centering on agricultural budgets, system reform in regards to policy decision procedures and the European Commission. For the CEECs, they are the political, economic and legal criteria demanded for accession. In the 80s, the EC offered development assistance (structural policy) on the occasion of expansion to Southern Europe in order to narrow the economic gap between Southern Europe and EC member nations. If the EU applies such structural policy based on the present standard to CEECs, as well, it will become far more indispensable than for South European countries. The CEECs' average GDP per capita was 46.4% (weighted average value by purchasing power parity) of the EU average in 2001. When the common agricultural policy (CAP) is applied to CEE in such economic conditions, the expenditures for CEECs -including Poland, which has a huge agricultural sector- will amount to an annual 11 billion ECU (by the European Commission's calculation), and will greatly press the EU financially. Why has the EU aimed at eastward expansion, even at such financial cost? In another words, how are the EU's political leaders going to secure "benefits" which will balance the financial cost? What are the costs and benefits of the accession for CEE? These points are the focus of this paper. In order to understand the expansion strategy of EU, analysis from the security side is needed. Joining the EU, the CEECs not only enter into the single market of the EU, but it will cooperate with EU in the Common Foreign Security Policy (CFSP). CEECs' cooperation with EU in CFSP has an important meaning for European security. Furthermore, considering the potential costs (military intervention, Peace-Keeping Operations, and refugee care) incurred if regional conflict breaks out in the politically unstable CEE, the eastward expansion can also be regarded as preventive diplomacy aimed at avoiding the huge cost generated by such conflict. The end of the Cold War and the subsequent nullification of the Yalta agreement initiated far-reaching institutional change in the European security order. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, many expected the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to wither away or, at best, to stagnate and decline in importance. More than a decade later, it is clearthat these earlier predictions were wrong. Not only is the transatlantic alliance alive and well, but, since the end of the Cold War, its mission and capabilities have grown. Of the many significant changes to the organization, two decisions, the enlargement of NATO and the airstrikes against Yugoslavia, stand out as the most crucial. The EU aims at strengthening the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the community. The EU intends to rely on its own military capabilities without the intervention of the American military forces. The EU deployed a rapid reaction force with 6 million troops for the field of crisis management at 2003. Finally the European security order after the Cold War can be described as the "institutionalized corporation", as it is supported by NATO and the EU.
2004-12-31

著者

永澤雄治
東北文化学園大学

欧州における政治経済秩序の再編 : EUとNATOの拡大を中心として

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