東京都千代田区における区立小学校の「再編成」と住民運動の展開

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Declining enrolls at the center of large cities have been intensified in recent years by out-migration rather than fall in birth rate. This decline enforces public schools to underutilize their capacity. Many educational authorities have been confronted by the problem of underutilized capacity in public schools, and so they have necessitated its rationalization. The local government of Chiyoda published a reorganization plan of public schools on December 20, 1991, which would start in 1993. In Chiyoda Word, because enrolls have been decreasing since 1960s, public schools, especially primary ones, had extremely underutilized their capacity. The purpose of that plan was mainly to improve this underutilized capacity and to encourage regrowing population. This paper aims at elucidating its impact on the region through public political participation in local politics. Firstly, with employing the linear programming method to solve the transportation problem, the reorganization plan was examined in terms of both the travel-distance of children and school capacity. Two kinds of school capacity-constraints were defined as follows : 1) 300-420 children and 2) no constraints. As the results of solving each problem, the attendance areas of no capacity-constraints case were similar to the actual. It turned out that the reorganization plan was to make children attend the nearest school since this case was merely to minimize the total travel-distance of children. On the other hand, school capacity was not taken into account in the plan. Indeed, even after implementation of the plan, there are schools which are in need of an increase of capacity or left to have more underutilized capacity. It could be pointed out that the plan is not reasonable in terms of school capacity. Secondly, to elucidate impact of implementation of the plan on the region, political participation movements involving various actions and attitudes of local residents were examined. After the plan had been published, neighborhood movements were taken towards it by each primary school attendance area. Actions of opposition groups called as "Mamoru-kai" centered on these movements. The school reorganization, especially, confronted the acrimonious oppositions from parents. For these movements, by examining petitions submitted by local resident groups to the word assembly, it was elucidated that their attitudes reflected the localities in individual school attendance areas. These movements also had such a tendency that they were grouped by the two local areas, Kojimachi and Kanda. For example, whereas local resident groups in the Kojimachi area had been doing acrimonious opposite movements by addressing their school traditions, in the Kanda area underutilized capacity in the schools was so extreme that such movements less developed. In addition, a same tendency was identified for the consultative meetings on establishment of the "new-schools". And then common to entire Chiyoda Ward, other movement was occurred. It was stimulated by establishment of a federation consisting of "Mamoru-kai". In order to both integrate individual opposition movements and spread the integrated movement, the federation was established on February 29, 1992. One action of the integrated movement was to exercise their rights of direct claim. Three direct claims were submitted to the ward assembly in 1992-1993. However, two of them were rejected, while the remaining one resulted in a failure. Certainly, these direct claims submitted were against the school reorganization, but behind such a political process there was a distrust in now local politics of Chiyoda Ward. Then, the event reflecting this distrust was an establishment of opposition political party on October 22, 1992, and the movement had changed into more political because the party was composed of members of the federation. The first purpose of the party was to win in an election for the headman of Chiyoda Ward (January 31, 1993). So, it run
地理科学学会の論文
1996-04-28

東京都千代田区における区立小学校の「再編成」と住民運動の展開

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