アメリカにおける組織体犯罪研究 (<特集>組織体犯罪の研究)
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概要
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This paper reviews "organizational crime" studies in the U. S. A. The fundamental question in regard to "organizational crime" is whether organizational crime is really crime or not. Even though the violation of criminal law is called as crime conventionally, we may call organizational crime as crime when it fulfils two criteria which were submitted by E. H.Sutherland : Legal description of an act as socially harmful and legal provision of a penalty for the act. Therefore various civil and administrative law violations fall under the category of crime. The studies are divided into two categories : the studies on criminogenic factors in organization and studies on regulation of organizational crime. The studies on criminogenic factors in organization are classified as follows : A. Organizational structure A-1 organizational norms A-2 fragmentalization of information and responsibility in organizational role system A-3 goal rationality of organization B. Adaptation of organization to environments B-1 passive adaptation B-2 active adaptation The main issue of "criminogenic factors in organization" has moved from "organizational structure" to "adaptation of organization to environments". Furthermore, in the particular field of "adaptation of organization to environments", "active adaptation" approach becomes the main trend. In "active adaptation" approach, organization is regarded as an active subject which creates favorable or "adaptable" environments in contrast with "passive adaptation" approach which thinks organizational structure as defined by environments. Generally speaking, study on criminogenic factors in organization becomes combined with study on effectiveness of regulation. That is, intervention in organizational structure turns out to be appropriate for regulation especially against corporate organizations. This paper examines this issue in details making reference to J. Braithwaite's and C. D. Stone's theories.
- 日本犯罪社会学会の論文
著者
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