現代日本の家族と教育-受験体制の社会学にむけて-
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概要
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We can not discuss the family and education in Japan today without refering to the problem of Jukentaisei (entrance examination order). Jukentaisei may be defined as the state in which children's lives are organized from early childhood so as to prepare for entrance examinations into good schools. This, however, is not confined to the problem of children's education. It is also closely related to the characteristics of Japanese society and culture because it consists of a triangular relationship between the family, school and occupational society. First, in Japan the family, which is regarded as Shi (private), is subordinate to both the job and the school which are regarded as Kou (public), but the school subordinates itself as Shi to the job. Hence, the job takes precedence over the family and the school. Second, there is a strong belief that humans have almost the same ability at birth and differences are created only through effort. Due to this, selection by objective achievement tests is carried out and a hierarchical school ranking system has come about in Japanese society. Third, the culture of Japanese groupism makes entrance examination competition a whole-family and whole-school enterprise. This Jukentaisei, as is supported by the above mentioned factors, has various effects on the socialization of children. Children are accustomed to test-type thinking, which is characterised by meek acceptance of ready-made textbook knowledge, simple modes of thinking defined by objective test forms and irrelevance to daily life. They are deprived of too much time and energy because of the examinations to achieve independence through resistance to adults by forming strong peer groups. They also tend to acquire the same behavior pattern as their fathers' ("workholics"), internalising the culture of Japanese groupism and the attitude that gives priority to school marks, leaving housework entirely up to their mothers. In addition, the Jukentaisei deprives the young of motives to form an idealistic counter-culture, causing children to be drawn into the adult world; it also distracts attention away from social contradictions, attributing everything to a lack of effort by the individual; and if drives the young generation towards an occupational society and economic prosperity. Thus the Jukentaisei carries out a key function in the reproduction of Japanese society and culture as a whole, not only the reproduction of the class structure.
- 日本教育社会学会の論文
- 1989-04-30
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