新自由主義の破綻と経営学の転回 : 現代経営学の新課題

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In this paper, I discuss on the turn of management theories, especially in the USA, in connection with the background of before, during and after the neoliberalism, referring to the rise and fall of neoliberalism in America. Untill the 60's, America was the only one outstanding superpower among nations and very stable society. It was called as the bank, factory, police and army of the world. As it was, the society gave the impression generally full of optimism and stability. Management theories were full of optimistic tone. There were many streams at that time.: 1. The Management Process School, 2. The Empirical School, 3. The Human Behavior School, 4. The Social System School, 5. The Decision Theory School, 6. The Mathematical School. Common featutures of them were full of optimistic tone. After the end of 1960's, "the age of discontinuity" (Peter F. Drucker) came and the society was caught by tidal wave of big change-scientific and technological revolutions, organization society, information society, knowledge society, mass education, privatization, oil crisis. material-resource problem, collapse of socialist society, globalization and megacompetition, global environmental problem and sustainable development, a dashing appearance of developing countries catching up with developed countries, and so on. Management theories tried to shift toward adapting to changing circumstances. Contingency theory, open system theory, corporate strategy were the results of the efforts to adapt business environment passively or positively. Accordingly many streams since then expanded from 6 (50's-60's) to 11 (70's-). Those were : 1. the empirical or case approach, 2. the interpersonal behavior approach, 3. the group behavior approach, 4. the cooperative social system approach, 5. the sociotechnical systems aproach, 6. the decision theory approach, 7. the systems approach, 8. the mathematical or management science approach, 9. the contingency or situational approoach, 10. the managerial roles approach, 11. the operational theory approach. Upsurged neoliberalism since 80's changed the situation drastically. Business entity (corporation, enterprise, firm etc.) was regarded as the property of shareholders as opposed to the view that corporation was responsible to many stakeholders and that it was not attributed solely to shareholders. According to the former view, executives were the "agent of sharaeholders", and so, executives must serve solely shareholders' profit maximization. Under the new definition of corporation, executives could become greedy for profit seeking, ignoring the social responsibility. As a result, various social problems were caused and swelled up to the financial-economic crisis (so- called "the greatest depression of the century"), leading to the birth of Obama administration. After the 30 years' neoliberalism bustle, management theories are now getting out of the influences of neoliberalism. Profit-maxmization-for-shareholder view is out of fashion and CSR (corporate social responsibility) is getting high place, stakeholder-view is supported widely now. Under this conditions, management theories has started on new theme to tackle various problems.
2010-10-25

新自由主義の破綻と経営学の転回 : 現代経営学の新課題

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