アジア諸国の機械産業における産業発展のパターンと産業政策 : 自動車産業の事例を中心に
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No one can deny the fact that in the late-industrializing countries to-day the government plays a significant role to raise and develop its industry. Specially, developing the machinery, which is expected to have economies of scale and strong forward and backward linkage effects on related industries, is indispensable for the Asian countries aiming at upgrading and self-reliant economic structure. How does the developmental pattern of the machinery industry which is, in general, characterized as the one of economies of scale, differ among the countries or areas ? And, how does the government's industrial development policy influence the developmental pattern of the industry in specific? What is the role of government for realizing the economies of scale, or scale merits? With posing those questions, this paper is to take the case of automobile which is typical and leading industry sector, and the first to observe its developmental pattern of Asian countries in global perspective. The second is to clarify the developmental pattern of ASEAN countries in the 1980s from the view of industrial development policy. The third is to examine the Korean experience of export-oriented industrial policy and economies of scale. The fourth is to point out the issues and prospects of ASEAN countries in the 1990s and the Japan's future cooperation towards those countries. Our major findings are as follows : The first is that the `big wave' of automobile production has been shifting from North America to Europe and Japan, further to Asia over the 20th century. Among the Asian countries which have been growing rapidly in the 1980s, it is observed that there are three types of development ; the first is NIES type(Korea, Taiwan), featuring the rapid transition from import-substitution stage of development. The second type is ASEAN one (Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia) experiencing the stage of import-substitution at moderate rate. The third is the China・India type completing the stage of import-substitution at early period(prior to the 1980s). What differs the NIES type from the ASEAN and China・India types can be attributed to the industrial policy ; the former is export-promotion policy and the latter is import-substitution policy. The second is that the ASEAN countries in the 1980s based on the import-substitution policy have shown the country-variation of its policy; in Thailand, raising the automobile industry with specially emphasis on the light commercial vehicle has been adopted and aiming at high local content. In Indonesia, the relatively moderate local content policy as compared to Thailand, which results in low local content ratio, has been carried out. The self-reliant policy towards the automobile makers and market expansion have led the automobile makers to introduce the new models of commercial vehicle. In Malaysia, the major section of automobile industry is the passenger cars, which is sharply contrast to Thailand and Indonesia, and the industrial policy of aiming at high local content has brought out the State-run Proton as a leading automobile maker. The third is that the Korean industrial policy emphasizing export-promotion rather than importsubstitution has started since 1970s. Its major policy implements were set up the system of large-scale volume production and to provide the export incentives. The reasons of adopting such policy are, at first, the requirement of upgrading industrial structure, and the second the level of local content having been fairly high already in early 1970s, and the third the narrow domestic market and so forth. Under those government policies, Hyndai Motor was the first to realize the large-scale volume production. The process by which the volume production was to attain to large-scale is found to be more or less similar to a Japanese experience of 1960s - the case of Toyota Motor Corporation. But the degree of the government intervention for realizing the large-scale production is higher in case of Korea than in the case of Japan. The fourth is that the major issue of industrial policy in the 1990s for the ASEAN countries is to realize the large-scale volume production. For this, the Korean experience which shows that it was realized by adopting export-promotion policy is fairly suggestive. But, it is unrealistic to argue that a Korean case is applicable to the ASEAN countries, since in contrast to Korea, those countries have remained low local content levels and suffered from the ethnic problems (specially in the case of Malaysia). As for the Japan's industrial cooperation, it is noteworthy that the auto-parts supplying network, mainly based on ASEAN countries has been initiated by the Japanese automobile makers such as Mitsubishi Motor Corporation. This is expected to bring out the higher local-content ratio and to promote the export of automobile and auto-parts, which may contribute to the development of ASEAN's automobile industries. In this regard, the tasks of the Japanese government in the 1990s will be in the following ; at first, how it can coordinate (or adjust) the global strategic needs of the Japanese automobile makers with requirements of ASEAN's indutrial policy(i.e. higher local content and so forth), and the second how it can contribute to the establishment of large-scale volume production in the ASEAN countries, and the third how it can open up the Japanese market, which is considered to be effective for realizing large-scale production.
- 麗澤大学の論文
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関連論文
- インド鉄鋼業の発展と技術吸収力 : 日本の経験をふまえて(下)
- インド鉄鋼業の発展と技術吸収力 : 日本の経験をふまえて(上)
- アジア諸国の機械産業における産業発展のパターンと産業政策 : 自動車産業の事例を中心に