中国サービス経済論争の変遷(市場経済と計画経済,総合研究)

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This manuscript attempts to explain the evolution of the debate on a service economy in China. The debate was carried out mainly during the period from the mid 80's to the early 90's. Through a study of this struggle, I will try to explain the conversion that took place in the way of thinking in the world of Chinese economic academics. In the early days of the People's Republic, the debate took the form of the "Productive Labor Debate," which developed over time into discussion of the "Service Economy" and then later into the "Tertiary Industry Debate." Throughout, this academic struggle occupied an important position within the whole system of economic theory. Outwardly, changes in the direction of research and policy might look like abstract discussion, but were in fact accompanied by violent political struggles. Even the real economy was influenced, causing extreme fluctuations in society. In China the old way of thinking, that a productive sector is a physically productive sector, continued until at least 1985. These ideas continued to restrain government authorities ideologically. Behind this lay the conflict over choosing a capitalist or socialist path. Thus theoreticians were repeatedly drawn into and tormented by political struggle. For the longest time tertiary industry, viewed as an immaterial productive sector by government authorities, was not given an important position in policy. The peculiar theory and policy that tried to restrain the development of tertiary industry was employed. In order to help the unemployment problem and make life more convenient, tertiary business was finally admitted, but it was still not recognized that tertiary industry had an important position in the national economy. Finance, insurance, real estate management and such were regarded as a type of industry peculiar to capitalism. Also the fact that individual and private enterprises were numerous in commerce and the service economy made it hard to reconcile with the tenets of the current regime recognizing state and collective ownership as principles of socialism. As well, theory was interpreted to mean that this sector of the economy did not produce social wealth. The idea that service labor produced "value" became a powerful argument on behalf of reformers trying to advance the market economy. With the Tiananmen Incident in 1989, the current government scrambled to reestablish its power, and the intellectual environment witnessed a temporary retreat. However, the development of the service economy had to be returned to once again, to solve the unemployment problem and revitalize the economy. It became an important factor in the policy decision to force the Chinese market to open up to foreign competition. It became important for China to be able to withstand international competition in tertiary industry, and it came to be recognized that China would be able to draw economic profit from tertiary industry. Moving ahead, there have been no theoretical studies of tertiary industry since the beginning of "high speed" economic development in 1992. Under powerful political pressure, tertiary industry now needs realistic policies for development. From now on the service economy might go on to lead the national economy, and the evolution of ideology can be expected to proceed until this is understood.
日本大学の論文
1997-03-25

中国サービス経済論争の変遷(市場経済と計画経済,総合研究)

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