M.ヴェーバーの「プロテスタンティズムの倫理と資本主義の精神」(十二)
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According to Weber, the religious mind of Calvinists, influenced by the pastoral reformed idea of calling, became profit-intended and then brought directly the capitalistic life style as follows: (1) simplicity and uniformity; (2) profit-seeking by incessant labour at one's calling; (3) practical consumption corresponding the 'comforts' of citizen's home; (4) capital accumulation as a result of liberation of profit-seeking and of restraining consumption; (5) citizen's economic rationality. With these items, considered by Weber to compose the (modern) capitalistic spirit as an ideal-type, 'ideal' of course in the meaning of the logical completeness, we are not contented regarding the very point of their logical structure, especially the placement of item (1) and the relation of this to the others. The capitalistic spirit as a historical individuality was constructed at first as Puritan and then as changing historically itself to that seen in B. Franklin. The process proceeded towards gradual dismissal of the religious feature beginning with the moment of the strong lure of property, which was the outcome of the industriousness at calling labour with similar eminence also in the Medieval Catholic monkery. It was accelerated by the additional moment of the very labour at calling, which the modern capitalism, once established as a mechanical-machinery cosmos, enforced its habitants as necessity so long as they wanted to survive there. Thus the foundation of the spirit of capitalism was altered from Puritanism to Utilitarianism with the corresponding change in its ethic from Puritan asceticism to formal legality and after that even to sports with mere competitive passion as observed in America. We must note here that Weber, explaining the historical emergence of the spirit of (modern) capitalism, distinguishes the citizens with Puritan ethic and capitalistic spirit from the monopoly capitalists with Catholic ethic and adventurous, conscienceless spirit and/or possibly traditional spirit (both the enemies of modern capitalistic spirit)-this in contradiction to his earlier observation concerning the causal relation between modern capitalism and its spirits. In the course of transformation of the spirit of modern capitalism, we could find Fordism in U. S. A. as the one with slightly religious aspect still and several economic theories of business enterprise (Betriebswirt-schaftslehre) in Germany in the early years of the 20th century as the ones with less or no religious feature and, even in Japan, alien country from the viewpoint of Christianity, that general theory of the ethos of modern capitalistic enterprise by S. Mohri as the one without any relation to Puritanism. Despite all the deviations in degrees and sorts from Puritan ethic, the spirits observed above have a specific core in common: profit-seeking through production of values-this we may call 'productive profit-seeking principle'; and we could call also its counterpart 'plunderous profit-seeking principle', which means profit-making through taking values away from value-producers and even from other value-plun-derers. The economic conditions nowadays are to be explained partly but decisively as the further change of the capitalistic spirit and the recovery of the precapitalistic spirit as plunderous profit-seeking principle.
- 2003-09-25
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関連論文
- M.ヴェーバーの「プロテスタンティズムの倫理と資本主義の精神」(十二)
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