カルチュラル・スタディ派におけるメディア論とネオ・マルクス主義的社会構成体論との関連性
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概要
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A new style of Marxian mass media studies has been developing at The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, England. These media studies, however, can not be simply classified into the same category as the former Marxian approaches to mass media because their approaches are based on neo-Marxian epistemology which has arisen from epistemological criticism of classical Marxism. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to explain neo-Marxian epistemology which has influenced the Centre's theories, and to examine the original mass media theories developed by the Centre based on this epistemology. The neo-Marxists, A.Gramsci, L.Althusser and N.Poulantzas deny economic reductionism as their sense of common issue. In other words, they are insisting on the relative autonomy of superstructure and investigating its specificity. Althusser argues that social formations are constructed of each-articulated and relatively "autonomous" instances although they are limited by the economical level. Ideology, one of the instances for superstructure, is also an important factor which determines the direction of social formations. Mass media are the component of this ideological instance of social formations, i.e., "Ideological State Apparatus." Poulantzas claims that social classes are not only constituted by economic factors, but by ideological factors. He also claims that the class domination mediated by the state is supported by ideological representation of the "universality of the state." The Centre has been developing their original media theories based on the neo-Marxian theories of social formations. According to their theories, the function of the media system, even in capitalist societies, is not to reflect the peoples' consensus, but to produce them. Though mass media are free from direct compulsion by the state and remain institutionally autonomous, they do reproduce the ideology of the dominant class. The media's contributions to the reproduction of ideology are made possible by their specific function -"signification". The function is in the exercise of meaning defining power which reduces a single meaning to a certain object. Through their signification, the media represent the interests of a particular class's interests as identified with the consensus of the people. On the other hand, for this purpose, media must represent messages of themselves as "impartial."
- 日本マス・コミュニケーション学会の論文
- 1986-04-30
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- カルチュラル・スタディ派におけるメディア論とネオ・マルクス主義的社会構成体論との関連性
- 構造主義以降のコミュニケーション理論(マス・コミュニケーション研究の系譜)