PJ-568 Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) by Fullback (PB) Method to Predict Restenosis and Target Lesion Revascularization : Comparison with Conventional (C) Method(Restenosis after Angioplasty, Basic/Clinical 7 (IHD) : PJ95)(Poster Session (Japanese))
スポンサーリンク
概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
- 社団法人日本循環器学会の論文
- 2004-03-01
著者
-
Murakami Masaaki
Department of Molecular Immunology Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate Scho
-
Hirota Minoru
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Okayama University
-
Kusachi Shozo
Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Medical School
-
TANINO SHUNSUKE
Department of Cardiology, Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical College
-
村上 宅郎
Cardiovascular Medicine The Sakakibara Heart Institute Of Okayama
-
Murakami T
Department Of Human Morphology Okayama University Graduate School Of Medicine Dentistry And Pharmace
-
MURAKAMI Takashi
Department of Clinical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University
-
Kusachi Shozo
Department Of Medical Technology Okayama University Graduate School Of Health Sciences
-
Kusachi Shozo
Department Of Medical Technology Faculty Of Medical Sciences Okayama University Medical School
-
SHIRATORI YASUSHI
Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
-
Murakami Masaaki
Cardiovascular Medicine The Sakakibara Heart Institute Of Okayama
-
Iwasaki Koichiro
Cardiovascular Center Sakakibara Hospital
-
Hirota Minoru
Cardiovascular Center Sakakibara Hospital
-
Kamikawa Shigeshi
Department Of Cardiology Cardiovascular Center Sakakibara Hospital
-
Tanino Shunsuke
Cardiovascular Center, Sakakibara Hospital
-
Iwasaki Kohichiro
Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Sakakibara Hospital
-
Kamikawa Shigeru
Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Sakakibara Hospital
-
Murakami Masaaki
Department Of Cardiovascular Medicine Okayama University Graduate School Of Medicine And Dentistry
-
Tanino Shunsuke
Cardiovascular Center Sakakibara Hospital
-
Tanino Shunsuke
Department Of Cardiology Cardiovascular Institute Sakakibara Hospital
-
Murakami Takashi
Department Of Cardiology Okayama University School Of Medicine
-
Shiratori Yasushi
Department Of Medicine And Medical Science Okayama University Graduate School Of Medicine Dentistry
-
Shiratori Yasushi
Department Of Gastroenterology And Hepatology Okayama University Graduate School Of Medicine Dentist
-
Iwasaki Kohichiro
Department Of Cardiology Cardiovascular Institute Sakakibara Hospital
-
村上 宅郎
Department Of Human Morphology Okayama University Graduate School Of Medicine Dentistry And Pharmace
-
Iwasaki Kohichirou
Department Of Cardiology Cardiovascular Institute Sakakibara Hospital
-
Hirota Minoru
Department Of Animal Science Obihiro University Of Agriculture And Veterinary Medicine
-
Murakami Masaaki
Department Of Applied Mathematics Faculty Of Engineering Science Osaka University
-
Murakami Masaaki
Department Of Cardiovascular Medicine Okayama University Graduate School Of Medicine Dentistry And P
-
SHIRATORI Yasushi
Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama
-
Hirota Minoru
Deparment of Synthetic Chemistry, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University
-
Kusachi Shozo
Department of Internal Medicine I, Okayama University Medical School
関連論文
- Development of Atherosclerosis in Osteopontin Transgenic Mice
- PJ-608 Comparison of Clinical Characteristics between the Patients with Connective Tissue Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hyptertension(PJ102,Pulmonary Circulation 2 (H),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanes
- OE-373 Abnormal Transmural Repolarization Dynamics at Bradycardia were Associated with the Occurrence of Ventricular Fibrillation in Patients with Brugada Syndrome(OE63,ECG/Body Surface Potential Mapping/Holter 1 (A),Oral Presentation (English),The 73rd A
- The Response to Drug Therapy in Unstable Angina on the Basis of Coronary Angiography Findings : PATHOGENESIS AND MANAGEMENT OF IMPENDING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- Oxalate nephropathy with a granulomatous lesion due to excessive intake of peanuts
- Augmentation index is associated with B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
- OJ-036 Diagnostic Efficacy of 320-Multislice Cardiac CT in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation(OJ06,CT/MRI (Coronary/Vascular) (I),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-802 The Utility of QTc Dispersion to Distinguish CRT Responder from Non-responder before CRT(Heart failure, clinical-19, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-060 Sequential Changes in Left Atrial Function After Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation(Arrhythmia, therapy-15, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-037 Efficacy of Prone Position Image by Multidetector Computed Tomography for Detecting Pseudo Pulmonary Vein Stenosis(Arrhythmia, diagnosis/pathophysiology/EPS-09, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-020 Analysis of Plaque Characterization in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Using Intravascular Ultrasound Virtual Histology(Acute myocardial infarction, clinical (pathophysiology)-4, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulat
- PE-355 Association of Plaque Characterization by Intravascular Ultrasound Virtual Histology with Arterial Remodeling in Patients with Angina Pectoris(Intravascular endoscopy/Intravascular ultrasound-5, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Ci
- PE-084 The Relation Between Coronary Calcification and Plaque Component for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Angina Pectoris : A Virtual-Histology IVUS Analysis(Acute coronary syndrome, basic/clinical-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the
- PE-013 Comparison of Gender and Age for Plaque Components in Patients with Angina Pectoris : A Virtual Histology IVUS Analysis(Angina pectoris, basic/clinical-2, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-645 Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) with or without Atrial Fibrillation (AF)(Cardiomyopathy, basic/clinical-7 (M) PJ108,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Me
- PJ-301 Comparison between Effects of Candesartan and Enarapril on Myocardial Flow Reserve by Oxygen-15 Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with AMI(Acute myocardial infarction, clinical (diagnosis/treatment)-11 (IHD) PJ51,Poster Session (Japanese),Th
- Basement Membrane Type IV Collagen Molecules in the Choroid Plexus, Pia Mater and Capillaries in the Mouse Brain
- Effects of Muscarinic and Adrenergic Blockade on Growth Hormone Secretion Induced by Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in Ovariectomized Ewes
- PJ-049 Pravastatin Improves Short-term Results after S.M.A.R.T. CONTROL Stent Implantation(PJ008,Peripheral Circulation/Vascular Disease (Therapy) 1 (H),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-014 Administration of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Improve Success Rate of Defibrillation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation(PJ003,Atrial/Supraventricular Arrhythmia (Clinical/Diagnosis) (A),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scien
- PE-371 Impact of Olmesartan on Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis : A Serial Volumetric IVUS Analysis from the OLIVUS Trial(PE062,Atherosclerosis (Clinical/Treatment) (IHD),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese C
- Prone Position is Essential for Detection of Pulmonary Vein Pseudostenosis by Enhanced Multidetector Computed Tomography in Patients Who Undergo Pulmonary Vein Isolation
- PJ-652 Distal Protection reduces the Incidence of Minor Cardiac Biomarker elevation after Coronary Stenting(Coronary revascularization, PCI(24)(IHD),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-276 Pioglitazone Prevents Myocardial Damage Resulting from Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for the Patients with type-2 Diabetes(Diabetes/Obesity/Metabolic syndrome(10)(H),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese C
- PE-496 Sequential Changes on Left Atrial Function After Repeat Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibirllation(Arrhythmia, therapy(15)(A),Poster Session(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Socie
- OE-205 Nicorandil Prevents Microvascular Dysfunction and Myocardial Damage Resulting from Percutaneous Coronary Intervention(Coronary circulation, basic/clinical(01)(IHD),Oral Presentation(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circul
- OE-038 Autonomic Modification Associated with Radiofrequency Pulmonary Vein Isolation Plays an Important Role for Cure of Atrial Fibrillation(Arrhythmia, therapy-1 (A) OE7,Oral Presentation (English),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the J
- Strain Echocardiography to Analyze Left Atrial (LA) Function and Remodeling in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (PAF)(Echo/Doppler 2 (I), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Assessment of Myocardial Flow Reserve using ^O-water Positron Emission Tomography for Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Myocardial Infarction(Acute Myocardial Infarction, Clinical (Diagnosis/Treatment) 11 (IHD), The 69th Annual Sci
- PE-204 Heart Rate Circadian Rhythm is the Strongest Factor to Determine the BNP Level in Permanent AF without LV Systolic Dysfunction(PE034,ECG/Body Surface Potential Mapping/Holter (A),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Ja
- DPE-038 Differential Effects of Calcium Channel Blocker and Diuretic in Combination with Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on Late Systolic Pressure Augmentation(DPE07,Hypertension, Clinical (H),Digital Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific M
- Association of New Arterial Stiffness Parameter, the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index, with Left Ventricular Diastolic Function
- PJ-814 Unique Three-dimensional Construction of Neovessel Formation by Fluvastatin Treatment in the Infarcted Myocardium(Cardiovascular pharmacology, basic / clinical(06)(H),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circu
- OE-270 Cardiac Myoblast Differentiation Promoting Factor Reduced Infarct Size and Preserved Cardiac Function in Rat Myocardial Infarction Model(Acute myocardial infarction, basic(01)(IHD),Oral Presentation(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of th
- Distribution of Basement Membrane Type IV Collagen Molecules in Choroid Plexus, Pia Mater and Capillaries in Murine Brain
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan at the Basal Lamina Beneath High Endothelial Cells in Human Palatine Tonsils : A Light and Electron Microscopic Study Using the Cationic Colloidal Iron Method
- Human erythrocytes possess a cytoplasmic endoskeleton containing β-actin and neurofilament protein
- PE-227 Alterations of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability after Slowpathway Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation. : Comparison during daytime with nighttime(ECG/Body Surface Potential Mapping/Holter 4 (A) : PE39)(Poster Session (English))
- Exponential-Exponential Cosine Fitting of Blood Pressure Decay by a Long-Acting Calcium Channel Blocker, Amlodipine, Using Home-Blood Pressure Measurement
- Relationship between R-R Interval (RR-l) and Maximal-Flow-Velocity of Aorta as a Marker of Cardiac Performance in Patients with Chronic Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation (NVAF)
- Spectrum Analysis of Beat-by-Beat Blood Flow of Aorta (Ao), Pulmonary Artery (PA) in Sinus Node Rhythm (SNR), Chronic Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation (NVAF)
- Exponential Hyperbolic Sine Function Fitting of Heart Rate Response to Constant Load Exercise
- Safety of and Tolerance to Adenosine Infusion for Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in a Japanese Population
- PE-302 Relationship between Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein and Coronary Plaque Burden : An Intravascular Ultrasound Study(PE051,Metabolic Syndrome 3 (H),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
- PE-208 Olmesartan Decreased Serum TGF-β Level and Protected Fibrotic Change in Rat Pressure Overload Heart(PE035,Cardiovascular Pharmacology (Basic) (H),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
- DPJ-068 HIF-1 Directly Induced Novel Metalloproteinase ADAMTS1 Expression and ADAMTS1 under Hypoxia Accelerated Endothelial Cell Migration(DPJ12,Coronary Circulation/Chronic Coronary Disease (Basic/Clinical) (IHD),Digital Poster Session (Japanese),The 73r
- OE-229 Two Hyaluronan Receptors, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and CD44, Play Distinct Roles in Cytokine Induction in Monocytes(OE39,Infection/Inflammation/Immunity (H),Oral Presentation (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulati
- FRS-060 A Novel Drug Delivery System with Targeting Liposome Reduced Inflammation in Macrophages(FRS12,New Approaches to Atherosclerosis Research (IHD),Featured Research Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Soci
- Serum N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels Correlate With the Extent of Coronary Plaques and Calcifications in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
- PE-580 siRNA Silencing Reveals Role of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 In Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration(Restenosis basic/clinical(03)(IHD),Poster Session(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PE-475 Activin A as a Novel Marker of Infarct Size in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Undergo Percutaneous Coronary Intervention(Acute myocardial infarction, clinical(diagnosis/treatment)(07)(IHD),Poster Session(English),The 72nd Annual Scie
- Coronary Pressure Measurement Identifies Patients with Diffuse Coronary Artery Disease who Benefit from Coronary Revascularization (Coronary Circulation, Basic/Clinical 4 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Nicorandil Reduces the Incidence of Minor Cardiac Marker Elevation after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention(Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion, Clinical 2 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-568 Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) by Fullback (PB) Method to Predict Restenosis and Target Lesion Revascularization : Comparison with Conventional (C) Method(Restenosis after Angioplasty, Basic/Clinical 7 (IHD) : PJ95)(Poster Session (Japanese))
- PE-312 Fractional Flow Reserve by Pullback Method (PB-FFR) for Prediction of Restenosis and Target Lesion Revascularization (TLR) after Coronary Stenting (CS)(Restenosis, basic/clinical-4 (IHD) PE52,Poster Session (English),The 70th Anniversary Annual Sci
- OE-190 In vivo Imaging of Atherosclerosis with Novel Targeting Liposomes(Atherosclerosis, basic(01)(IHD),Oral Presentation(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PE-365 Tolerance and Diagnostic Accuracy of Adenosine Infusion for Myocardial Perfusion SPECT in a Japanese Population(Nuclear cardiology-5, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Use of Plasma B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level to Identify Asymptomatic Hypertensive Patients with Abnormal Diurnal Blood Pressure Variation Profiles : Nondippers, Extreme Dippers, and Risers
- Lp3/Hapln3 Expression is Coordinately Upregulated with Versican in Balloon-injured Artery and is Enhanced by PDGF in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell (Restenosis after Angioplasty, Basic/Clinical 3 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circ
- Effect of Nicorandil on Slow Flow and No Reflow during Rotational Atherectomy Compared with Those of Verapamil
- OE-357 Differential LDL-oxidation by Endothelial Cells in Mouse Strains with Different Atherosclerosis Susceptibility(Endothelium-1, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Evidence for the Proteolytic Cleavage of Versican in Infarct Heart (Old Myocardial Infarction/Remodeling 2 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-065 Increments of serum chemokine interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) levels correlated with left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction patients(Acute Myocardial Infarction, Clinical (Pathophysiology) 3 (IHD) : PJ11)(Poster Sess
- OE-312 Vasl1 (Vascular Link Protein-1) Is a Novel Extracellular Matrix Protein Limited To Vessels and Is Upregulated in Pressure Overload Heart(Hypertension, Basic 3 (H) : OE39)(Oral Presentation (English))
- OE-278 Low dose of Cerivastatin increased microvessel formation and induced angiogenesis in conjunction with attenuating antiangiogenic protein in rat myocardial infarction(Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Basic/Clinical 1 (H) : OE34)(Oral Presentation (Engli
- FRS-078 ADAMTS-1, A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin motifs-1, Is a Novel Hypoxic Immediate Gene Expressed by Endothelial Cells(NO and Cardiovascular System (H) : FRS10)(Featured Research Session (English))
- PE-046 Newly formed relatively large vessels after myocardial infarction express matricellular protein, Thrombospomndin-1 (TSP-1) in rats : Comparison with real-time RT-PCR analysis(Endothelium/NO 1 (H) : PE8)(Poster Session (English))
- Endothelial Cells of Newly Formed Vessels in the Border Zone of Myocardial Infarction Express Proteoglycan Decorin and Biglycan
- Late Reperfusion Enhanced Gelatinolysis in Infarct Periphreral Zone : Analysis by in Situ Zymogram Analysis in Rats
- Metalloprotease ADAMTS-1 Was Rapidly Expressed by Endothalial Cells in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Its Quantitative Analysis by Real-Time PCR
- The point mutation of tyrosine 759 of the IL-6 family cytokine receptor gp130 synergizes with HTLV-1 pX in promoting rheumatoid arthritis-like arthritis
- Dynamic Induction of ADAMTS1 Gene in the Early Phase of Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Spatial changes of gelatinolytic activity in myocardial infarction in rats
- 0098 VALIDATION OF QUANTITATIVE CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS : PHANTOM STUDY
- OE-379 Bradycardia and Blunted Response of Heart Rate to Autonomic Nervous Activity in Brugada Syndrome Patients with Spontaneous Ventricular Fibrillation(ECG/Body surface potential mapping/Holter-1, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circ
- OE-378 Blunted Response of Vagal and Bradycardia-Induced QT Prolongation in Brugada Syndrome Patients with Spontaneous Ventricular Fibrillation(ECG/Body surface potential mapping/Holter-1, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Soc
- High serum Brain Natriuretic peptide levels as a marker of risk for silent stroke in patient with non-valvular Af
- The Sasagawa Project : A model for deinstitutionalisation in Japan
- Increase in Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) Expression Precedes Extrracellular Matrix (ECM) Gene Expressions in Pressure-overload Heart in Rats (Hypertension, Basic 5 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-551 Circulating WBC Count Correlates with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Volume After Successful Reperfusion in Patients with Anterior Wall AMI(Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion, Basic and Clinical 4 (M) : PJ92)(Poster Session (Japanese))
- Nicorandil decreased infarct size with enhancement of Serum interleukin 6 levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction after successful reperfusion
- Rapid increase of matrix adhesive glyocprotein, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) mRNA in rat myocardial infarction (MI) and its localization
- Heparin Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor (HB-EGF) is Increased in Myocardial Infarction (MI) : Enhancement by Reperfusion and Auto-induction by Recombinant Protein
- Synthesis of Poly(p-[α-(N-t-butylnitronyl)]styrene) and Its Reactivity with Nitrogen Dioxide
- The Photolyses of 2, 6- and 2, 4-Difluorohalobenzenes
- Estimation of Reactivity by Correlation Analyses Using Ωs and Δ_ as Substituent Parameters
- Weighting Functions in Order to Modify the Isotropic Character of the Steric Constant Ωs. Its Application to the Hydrolyses of Carboxamides
- The Ωs Constant for Polar Substituents. Reinvestigation on the Separation of the Steric and the Polar Effects
- The Reaction of Nitrogen Dioxide with N-Benzylidene-t-butylamine N-Oxide. Formation of a White Solid Adduct and Its Properties
- Endothelial Cells of Newly Formed Vessels Express Osteonectin mRNAs in the Border Zone of Myocardial Infarction (MI) in Rats
- Chemokine Receptor CXCR-3 Was Up-regulated in Rat Myocardial Infarction(MI) : Anasysis of cDNA Array and Quantitative Expression by Real Time PCR
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Localization in Myocardial Infarction (MI) in Rats : Another Role as an Activator for Metalloproteinase-2
- Development of an automatic Doppler flow signal detection system : variability of pulmonary and aortic peak flow velocity
- A Left Ventricular Function Evaluated by ECG Gated MDCT Heart Scan is Compatible to a Left Ventriculography(X-ray/CT/MRI/DSA 5 (I), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- MDCT could Feasibly Predict not only Subacute but also Remote Phase Left Ventricular Function after Acute Myocardial Infarction(X-ray/CT/MRI/DSA 9 (I), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Studies on the Conformations of Antimicrobial Salicylanilide Derivatives by Spectroscopy
- PJ-820 Frequency of Early Repolarization in Electrocardiogram in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients and its Clinical Characteristics(Kidney/Renal circulation-6, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Substituent Effect Study on ^N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Aromatic Amides and Anilines
- Connective tissue growth factor induction in a pressure-overloaded heart ameliorated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker olmesartan
- Alignment of Nematic MBBA on the Cleavage Surface of Ferroelectric TGS