Is the archeopyle of Tuberculodinium vancampoae (Rossignol) (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) on the hypocyst?

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The archeopyle type in modern dinoflagellate cysts is classified into the following saphopylic, theropylic and cryptopylic types. Within the saphopylic type, Tuberculodinium vancampoae (=cyst of Pyrophacus steinii) is the only species generally accepted as having an archeopyle developed on the hypocyst. However, the archeopyle type of this species has been alternatively explained as being precingular rather than hypocystal. New observations have led us to conclude that the archeopyle of T. vancampoae is neither hypocystal nor precingular, but epicystal in type. Specimens of the hypnozygote of P. steinii recovered in a plankton sample from Omura Bay, West Japan show archeopyle sutures formed neither on antapical nor precingular sides but on the apical side where they are topologically related to the distribution of large and barrel-shaped processes and remaining thecal plates that overlap the hypnozygote. The hypnozygotes of P. steinii, wrapped in their planozygotic thecae, were carefully observed at germination during an incubation experiment. One of the living hypnozygotes was still enveloped by the thecae of the planozygote. Then, several weeks after the encystment, a motile cell germinated from the hypnozygote through one opening (=archeopyle) formed on one flat side. Since the thecae of the planozygote was still attached to the surface of the hypnozygote, the position of the germination site was easily determined with relation to the thecal plates. Above the archeopyle consisting of two paraplates, the apical pore plate with two furrows was observed. It is clear that the archeopyle was formed not on the antapical but on the apical side.
日本古生物学会の論文
1998-09-30

Is the archeopyle of Tuberculodinium vancampoae (Rossignol) (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) on the hypocyst?

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