0次谷谷頭凹地におけるパイプ流に影響された水および土砂の流出
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概要
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Subsurface water is known to be a significant agent or erosion in slopes in humid and temperate regions, such as gully initiation and shallow landslide occurrence. Thus, obtaining the information about the implication of subsurface hydrology and sediment processes in slopes is indispensable to understand the linkage of subsurface hydraulic erosion and mass movement in slopes. Hydrological observations and experiments on pipe flow indicated that two phases of pipe flow, resulted form the difference in drainage capacities of soil pipes, must have controlled subsurface water discharge regimes in a forested 0-order basin in Hokkaido, northern Japan. A full flow condition in soil pipes under low drainage capacities of soil pipes provided reductions of the increasing rate of subsurface water discharge with a rise of subsurface water level. A partly full depth condition in soil pipes under high drainage capacities of soil pipes, just like an open channel flow, provided sudden increases in subsurface water discharge with a rise of subsurface water level. Measurement of sediment yield caused by subsurface water discharge in the 0-order basin showed that wash load was mostly eroded when the partly full depth condition in soil pipes occurred. In addition, bed load yield, whose soil particles consisted of coarse sand to fine pebbles, was linearly correlated with subsurface water discharge. This shows that the characteristics of bed load yield were different from those expressed by power functions which generally describe water flow and sediment yield at streams (i.e., open channel flows). It is, therefore, not only sediment transport by open channel flows in soil pipes but also sediment flushing from soil matrices into soil pipes under the partly full depth condition that appears to be a cause of such a gentle yield of the sediment. Furthermore, soil moisture conditions strongly affected the changes in the concentration of wash load, coarse sand, and granules excluding fine pebbles. These findings indicate that subsurface water flow under the partly full depth condition may be a important mechanism for sediment yield in subsurface hydraulic erosion. In addition, hydrological aspects such as antecedent soil moisture conditions may also be an important index for examining the relationship between subsurface hydrology controlled by pipe flows and relatively fine sediment yield.
- 日本地形学連合の論文
- 2002-10-25
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