西南アラスカ・ケアリガミウトの居住体系

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The Kaialigamiut represents a small Eskimo group in southwestern Alaska. They are devided into five subgroups; in old days, members of each group used to gather in a summer village, migrating back from several isolated winter villages. The activity area of such a group was 3000 to 5000 square kilometers in average; 150 to 250 people in summer, and 25 to 50 in winter villages. According to the 1880 census, 795 people in total were recorded at eighteen different villages in this area, but the population reached 2839 in 1980. The Kaialigamiut does not seem to have developed the above-stated migration pattern until the middle of the eighteenth century. The occupants of the abandoned settlement site of Ngel'umiut, bearers of the prehistoric Thule tradition, spent their life apparently at the same village all the year round. Migration between summer and winter villages had its beginning at least in the middle of the nineteenth century, as reliable evidence has been obtained by our fieldwork from 1974 through 1980 at such sites as Tununak-Ukak and Up'nerkarmiut-Kassigluk. The change in life style may have been caused by the contact with white traders; with imported rifles and iron pots in their hands, Eskimo hunters became more and more absorbed in fur animals, which gave rise to the establishment of winter villages. Good trapping grounds did not exist usually in the vicinity of their summer villages. Recently, Kaialigamiut winter villages started to be abandoned toward the end of the 1920's. Most of them moved to year-round settlement in accordance with the recommendations by missionaries, government, officials and other agencies. Seasonal migration had been kept by some Kaialigamiut groups well into the 1970's, but was entirely abolished in 1980.

西南アラスカ・ケアリガミウトの居住体系

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