パンジャーブ協会に於けるウルドゥー詩刷新の試み(I)(文学編)

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Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in the Panjab, generally known as the Anjuman-e Panjab, is one of the famous reformist organizations which led the enlightenment movement in the Panjab. It was founded in Lahore on 21 January, 1865. Dr. G. W. Leitner, an orientalist and principal of the Government College, Lahore was the president of the Anjuman and he energetically endeavoured to lift up the cultural and educational standard of the Panjab. The Anjuman-e Panjab wanted to spread useful knowledge through Indian languages and it also wanted to revive Oriental learning and classical Oriental languages such as Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. Fortunately, Donald McLeod, the Lieutenant-Govervor of the Panjab, supported the activities of the Anjuman. One of the most important reformist proposals that Dr. Leitner made was that of "Oriental University." Dr. Leitner was a strenuous opponent of the educational system enforced by Calcutta University, which strongly advocated English education in India. Dr. Leitner believed that English education system was not adequate to the Indian people and that the vernacular languages should be a means of education and of examinations. He found many problems in the educational situation in the Panjab, and "Oriental University" was his answer. The name of "Oriental University" is undoubtedly a misleading one. In fact, some people misunderstood its real objectives. Dr. Leitner not only wanted to revive Oriental classics but also he wanted to spread Western useful knowledge through Indian languages. In 1865, Dr. Leitner launched the "Oriental University" Movement, which was soon approved and supported by the local people and the Government of the Panjab. In 1869, the Central Government of India granted the petition at last, but it did not allow to establish a new university. The Central Government of India only admitted to establish a university college in lahore. This university college was named Lahore University College and, later, it was renamed Panjab University College. A few years later, on 19 April, 1874, the historic meeting was held in the building of he Anjuman-e Panjab, in which Muhammad Husain Azad read his famous manifesto and appealed to initiate a new kind of Urdu poetry. Azad also read his mathnavi poem "Shab-e Qadr." (The Night of Qadr) W. R. M. Holroyd, Director of Public Instruction, Panjab, made a speech and proposed to hold a new kind of musha'iras (poetical symposium) every month in order to develop new Urdu poetry. The musha'iras were held nine times and lasted nearly a year. The last musha'ira was held on 13 March, 1875. Azad was a leading figure in the musha'iras and took part in it every time. Altaf Husain Hali, who worked for the Panjab Government Book Depot at that time, also appeared in four of the musha'iras and read his mathnavis. No one can deny the fact that this movement for new Urdu poetry played a very significant role in the history of Urdu poetry. However, strangely enough, there are no satisfying books and papers on this movement. This is the reason this paper was written. This paper, however, does not seek to discover new facts and to revise the history of this movement. It is very difficult, or rather impossible to do these things in Japan. Therefore, in this paper, efforts have been made to survey the historical background and the historical process of this movement as critically as possible and to point out some issues to be solved in the future. This is the first chapter of the paper and it is subdivided into three sections. The contents are as follows: Chapter 1. Historical Background (1) The Anjuman-e Panjab (2) The "Oriental University" Movement (3) The Musha'iras of 1874
1990-01-25

パンジャーブ協会に於けるウルドゥー詩刷新の試み(I)(文学編)

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