New Orientation of Analytical Sociology:R. Darendorf's "Theory of Classes"
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概要
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Recently Ralf Darendorf published his book "Soziale Klassen and Sozialenkonflikt in der industriellen Gesellschaft", of which fundamental orientation, that is, problem-consciousness is as follows : not the presence but the absence of conflict is surprising and abnormal, and we have good reason to be suspicious if we find a society or social organization that shows no evidence of conflict. According to him, conflict is ubiquitous, which induces change in social structure, and one of the greatest creative forces that carry along conflict is social classes.<BR>Not to mention, his consideration as such sets up explicitly against Parsons' statement in "The Social System" that this "work consistutes a step toward the development of a generalized theoretical system." Namely, as an analytical model to grasp social structure, Darendorf presents "conflict model of society" against Parsons' equilibrium or integration of it, in which there seems to be a thought of social structure as a system based on homogeneous value. Yet, democracy admits primarily the possibilities of choice between heterogeneous values.<BR>Resting on the basis of such problem-consciousness, Darendorf begins with the definition of an analytical concept of classes avoilable to approach our modern industrial society. Here, it is worth while to notice that taking over fundamentally tichotomy evolved in Marxian theory of classes he defines the concept of classes not by the economic relations but "Heuschaftverhaltnisse" or the authority-relations. "It is a central thesis of this work, " he says, that it is possible to overcome Marxian theory of classes, when we substitute the participation in or the exclusion from the positions of authority for the possession or the not-possesion of private property.<BR>Then, Darendorf evolves this dichotomous model of classes into one theory of classes. In order to attain this purpose, it is necessary (1) to define one range of categories, such as social change, social conflict, latent interest and quasi-group, authority and "Herrschaftverband" or corpolate group with authority (as that difficult term has here been translated), (2) to connect these categories in one model of postulates, (3) to state about empirical fields and to formulate empirical hypothese ("Gesetz") so as to widen this model to one theory. Through such procedure, analytical model will become empirical theory. The theory of classes is always one theory of class-conflict in "Herrschaftverband" and social change. The criterion of this theory lies in the explanation of social change, which is able to reduce to group-conflict within social structure.
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