The Diffusion Process of the "Wire-Broadcasting" and Its Social Functions
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The "Wire-Broadcasting" has started from the system in which the members listen into the broadcast program caught by a main receiving apparatus prefered for the speaker at each home in a certain area. In this report, I want to explain the rapid diffusion process of the "Wire-Broadcasting" in farm- mountain- and fishing-villages in Japan and research its social functions by thinking it a great social experiment in a mass-communication process.<BR>1 The Diffusion Process of the "Wire-Broadcasting" in Japan<BR>The system of the "Wire-Broadcasting" was permitted officially at Kimobetu Village in 'Hokkaido', in May, 1943. It is wonderful that the "Wire-Broadcaiting" has become popular in many districts, such as Hokkaido, Kyusyu, ;Tiba, Toyama and other prefectures in the last fifteen years.<BR>It has developed as follows : <BR>1) Experimenting Period (1926-1942) <BR>The "Wire-Broadcasting" was tested primarily as the assisting facilities of the wireless-broadcasting since 1926 in our country.<BR>2) Starting Period (1943-1949) <BR>At Kimobetsu, Hokkaido, since the "Wire-Broadcasting" system was established mainly to remove the technical handicap, they tied to catch the ordinary radio-programs by a excellent main receiving apparatus, and to send them to the speaker fixed at each home. By this system, it became possible to send the radio-broadcasting to non-electric eras.<BR>3) Diffusion Period (1950-1952) <BR>It was the possibility of the "local broadcasting" that caused the diffusion of this system. By the "Wire-Broadcasting" system, it is possible to broadcast the local programs in our community by setting the microphone in the main receiving apparatus. Since about 1950, these broadcasting institutions spread rapidly, especially in Hokkaido and Kyusyu.<BR>4) Developing Period (1953-) <BR>There were 1, 117 "Wire-Broadcasting" institutions and about 193, 000 homes were affilated in them in November, 1953, and each number increased rapidly to 1, 566 and about 360, 000 in 1956. We must especially mention that the "open-telephone-communication-system" had been put into practice untile then. This system means to communicate between the main receiving apparatus and a certain speaker in the joining homes, and all the other speakers can catch the contents of this communication openly. And now, individual "speaker-telephone-system" is also quite common.<BR>2 The Social Functions of the "Wire-Broadcasting" <BR>We cannot say that there are enough data to testify the social functions of the "Wire-Broadcasting" in Japan, because its history is very short. I could find out the social functions of the "Wire-Broadcasting" as follows, through arranging its diffusion steps.<BR>1) Community Organization Function <BR>In either villages or cities, it means forming of a big nervous system in the community that the "Wire-Broadcasting" is established there. Especially in farm- and fishing-villages in Japan, the community organization has become stronger by this sensitive communication media, and naturally some social changes occur in the community. I want to explain this fact by case studies at Itiki Village in Kagoshima Prefecture and others.<BR>2) Social Control Function<BR>The "Wire-Broadcasting" represents the recent tendency of the one side mass-communication. The The joining speakers can not select the program themselves, and one local program is not possible to be listened to by the people in other districts.In U. S. S. R., the receiving system of the "Wire-Broadcasting" is excellent and the force of social control is very powerful.
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