Report of a Sample Survey of Social Stratification and Mobility in the Six Large Cities of Japan
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概要
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Major objectives of this study are to determine in the six large cities of Japan : 1) the proportion of population in each stratum, 2) the self-identification of the members of each stratum concerning stratum affiliation, 3) the relationship between stratum affiliation and class consciousness, and 4) intra and inter-generation status mobility.<BR>Data were obtained by examination of a stratified random sample of about 2, 000 adult males.<BR>It is assumed that stratum affiliation is determined by social status, and it is further assumed that three major indices of the latter are occupation, education and income. Of these three indices, the latter two are susceptible of numerical expression. Occupation, on the other hand, cannot so readily be expressed in such form. Three methods of hier-archizing occupational categories are used : A) scaling by other objective indices of status, i. e., education, income, property, etc. ; B) respondents ranking of 30 selected occupations ; and C) sociologists ranking of all possible combinations of 38 occupations, three educational categories, and four income groups.<BR>All methods of scaling occupational categories yield virtually similar results. Method B measurement reveals the occupational status hierarchy in descending order as 1) Professional, 2) Managerial, 3) Clerical, 4) Agricultural, 5) Service, 6) Industrial, 7) Merchandiser, 8) Transportation, 9) Mining, and 10) Unskilled Labor.<BR>When divided by Method C into nine strata ranging from Upper-Upper to Lower-Lower, a plurality falls in the Middle-Middle and Lower-Middle strata (44 %).<BR>By self-identification most respondents fall in the lower three strata (41 %). Whereas 77 % of those so identifying themselves also regard themselves as "Workers" in class affiliation, only 38 % of those who identify themselves in the Upper and Upper-Middle strata are willing to identify themselves as "Capitalists".<BR>The data further suggest that stratification patterns differ both by locality and age strata.<BR>The material shows that there is a high degree of stability in occupation among persons beginning work as Professional, Managerial, and Industrial Workers, and a corresponding instability among persons beginning work as Merchandisers.<BR>As regards inter-generation mobility between respondent's generation and the preceding one, the former shows higher educational experience. Whereas Industrial and Clerical occupations predominate in the former, Agrarian and Managerial occupations are most numerous in the latter. In 23.1 % of caces there is correspondence between respondent's occupation and that of his father. When viewed across three generations, only 7.4 % of cases show respondent, respondent's father, and respondent's grandfather all following the same occupation.<BR>Sixty-two percent of respondents evaluate the position of their own generation as worst-off among the three generations. 15 % consider their own generation best-off. 40 consider grandfathers' generation best-off. As Method C indicates grandfathers' generation is slightly lower in status than respondents' generation, a discrepancy exists between respondents' subjective appraisal and objective facts.
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