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Needs for applications of statistical techniques to studies on library activities are growing rapidly, because the library management should make a sound plan based on correct data assembled in the recent severe circumstances. The techniques are powerful tools, for example, to acquire precise data about and to analyse relations between cost and productivity of library services.The author first explains basic concepts and methods of statistical inference, test, sampling (simple random and proportional sampling), and errors entailed on inference and test. Then he describes applications of such methods as inference, test, linear regression, correlation, analysis of variance to actual library situations. The standard normal distribution, student's t-distribution, chi-square distribution, and F-distribution are picked up here for exemplifying inference and/or test methods.