中国都市の職場・家庭におけるジェンダー役割と生活時間配分

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This paper discusses the gender role in the workplace and the home by using the time-budget analysis of Chinese household. Nowadays, Chinese daily lives are changing by the effects of open economic structure. The author argues these changes by reviewing the some of recent studies and analyzing the time-budget data from activity diary survey of several Chinese cities. In the construction of socialistic China, the state intended to make the equal position of female and male in the family. By modernizing the family form, women could work outside of home, and they supplied the need for the industrial and agricultural workforces. The danwei (work unit) is the basic unit of daily activities, in the building the socialistic Chinese cities. The workplace, accommodation units, shopping stores, schools and hospitals in the same danwei are closely located. The danwei operates the facilities like nursery home, living support station or day-care center for socialization of the domestic work. The workplace and the home is not spatially isolated, women's role are not fixed in the private sphere. Though most of household matters have remained on the female role and occupational segregation by sex has existed, separation of gender role has not clear than that of the capitalist society. However, recent economic change to open policies affects the position of female labor. Equal pay between both sexes is declined and many firms avoid the female working in terms of cost inefficiency because they need additional welfare supports in their maternity or child rearing. Some service facilities for supporting women working are restructured. The gender gap in the workplace can enlarge. Next, I analyzed the time-budget data from activity diary survey of several Chinese cities (Tianjin, Dalian, Shenzhen) to realize the relation between everyday working life and domestic life. Allocations of time for classified daily activities (work, household matter, shopping, other private matter, sleep, leisure) are measured, and I discussed the gender division in household by using these data. Allocation of time is varied by these three cities. Working time of Shenzhen 's husband is longer than that of Tianjin's and Dalian's. Because difference of wives'working time by these three cities is relatively short, large gender difference would be seen in Shenzhen's household. Sleeping time in these cities is longer than that of Japanese. Gender difference of sleeping time is very small, which is unlike Japanese household (in Japanese household, wives'sleeping time is shorter than husbands'sleeping time). Sleeping time has areal difference between three cities. Sleeping time of Shenzhen is longer than that of Dalian (about one hour), because natural time could affect to sleeping time. Shenzhen's husbands have shortest time for household matter. In Shenzhen, wives practice most of household matters. This gender division is not so much marked in other two cities. The gender role, which locate male to workplace and female to home is well observed in Shenzhen household. By the analysis of relation between occupational status of husband/wife and time for household matter, the difference in occupational status between husband and wife affects the balance of household matter between husband and wife. If the wife has high occupational status (like management position), husband would tend to do a household matter as compared with other household type. By this analysis, gender role in household could be seen in Chinese household. I would like to point out the gender difference in home and workplace will accelerate as the capitalistic system expanded.
東京大学大学院総合文化研究科・教養学部人文地理学教室,Department of Human Geography, The University of Tokyo,総合地球環境学研究所,Research Institute for Humanity and Natureの論文
2003-10-01

著者

西村雄一郎
愛知工業大学

中国都市の職場・家庭におけるジェンダー役割と生活時間配分

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