(4)清末科挙廃止前宗族経営の学校教育について
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概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
Tsungtsu (宗族) is a consanguineous group of paternal lineage in China-Tsungtsu (宗族) used to establish schools for the education of their children which were sometimes called Tsushu (族塾), Chiashu (家塾), Ishu (義塾) or Ihsueh (義学). The objectives of the education at these schools were to teach their children to obey the orders of their consanguineous groups, and to give them the kind of education required of the members of particular Tsungtsu (宗族) groups. Students of outstanding ablility were often encouraged to take K'ochii (科挙) examinations with the expectation that they would become government officials and enhance the social prestige of the whole consanguineous group to which they belonged. The applicants for the K'ochii (科挙) examinations were given money from the group to cover travel expenses up to the capital where the examinations were held, and scholarships were also offered to those who went to higher educational institutions. Tsungtsu (宗族) schools did not charge tuition fees. Mot only textbooks, reference materials, and stationary were given free, but food and clothing also were sometimes provided. This was because these schools were established primarily to accomodate those children of impoverished families within the consanguineous group who would otherwise receive no education. With some Tsungtsu schools, entrance was admitted only to the children of poor families or to orphans, but most schools did not place any restrictions on the student eligibility, admitting any children of the group. Sometimes, the entrance to the school was obligatory for all the boys in the group. Administrative authority at such Tsungtsu (宗族) schools was held entirely in the hands of the senior members of the group, with the teachers serving only as employees. In everything related to the school-curriculum, teaching methods, etc.-the teachers were under the direction of the group authorities and they had to meet the approval of visiting supervisors who were in charge of school administration. Thus, the education at the Tsungtsu (宗族) school was carried out in strict accordance with the wish of the consanguineous group by which it was established. It was conducted not with the view to serve the interest of the state, nor the race, but the Trungtsu (宗族) itself. And this was why these schools continued to maintain their original character through centuries, inspite of changes of dynasties or control of China by foreign conquerers. However, when the modern educational system was introduced into China, political pressure was exerted upon these schools also, and the original character was gradually lost.
- 教育史学会の論文
- 1958-10-10