Mitigation of postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from soybean ecosystems : a review
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概要
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In this review, the current knowledge of nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) ecosystems, particularly on postharvest N_2O emissions, is summarized and controlling factors of postharvest N_2O emissions from soybean ecosystems are discussed. A new biological method to mitigate N_2O emission is also presented. The latest (2006) guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that N_2O emissions derived directly from biological nitrogen (N) fixation were not significant in legume crop ecosystems. The default N_2O emission factor from biological N fixation was revised to zero, whereas the default N_2O emission factor for the decomposition of legume crop residues (postharvest N_2O emissions) was the same as that for nonlegume crop residues (1%). From previously measured field data, the percentage of N in soybean residue emitted as N_2O after harvest was calculated to determine emission factors. Values ranged from 0.0-10.0% (average 1.3% ± 2.7%, median: 0.2%), indicating relatively low emission factors. The average emission factor calculated for N_2O emissions from N in soybean residues was slightly higher than the default emission factor for N in crop residue specified in the guidelines. However, the volume of field-measured postharvest N_2O emissions in soybean ecosystems is low compared with data for N_2O emissions during the crop growing season. Previous field-measured data demonstrated that N_2O emissions often peaked sharply immediately after the harvest. However, values for N_2O fluxes in the currently available field data were determined on a weekly or monthly basis. This large time gap between samplings may have resulted in underestimation of postharvest N_2O emissions in soybean ecosystems. More detailed field studies on postharvest N_2O emissions from soybean ecosystems are needed. Nodule decomposition is the major source of postharvest N_2O emissions in soybean ecosystems. A new microbiological method was recently developed to mitigate postharvest N_2O emissions from soybean ecosystems utilizing N-fixing bacteria with increased N_2O-reducing activity (increased expression of nosZ). This approach may potentially be applied to other leguminous crops and non-legume ecosystems. Ongoing research on the relationships between soil N_2O emissions and nosZ may reveal a new method for N_2O mitigation in the future.
- 一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会の論文
著者
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AKIYAMA Hiroko
Carbon and Nutrient Cycles Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
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Akiyama Hiroko
Carbon And Nutrient Cycles Division National Institute For Agro-environmental Sciences
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UCHIDA Yoshitaka
Carbon and Nutrient Cycles Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
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