Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil due to Tannery Waste Disposal : Potential for Phyto- and Bioremediation(Symposium 3.5.1 Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils,<Special Issue>International Symposium: Soil Degradation Control, Remediation, and Reclamation

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Long-term disposal of tannery wastes has resulted in extensive contamination of agricultural land and water sources in many parts of India. Chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal, is a major contaminant in tannery wastes, and its accumulation in soil and water is an environmental issue of increasing public concern in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. Remediation of Cr-contaminated soils is a challenging task that may not only help in sustaining agriculture, but may also minimize adverse environmental impacts. Here, we examined the potential of phyto- and bioremediation techniques for treating Cr-contaminated soils in both laboratory and field experiments. Non-edible flower crops were found to be suitable for remediation as they grew well under Cr-rich effluent irrigation. Amongst the plants examined, Jasminum species showed a high degree of tolerance towards soil Cr. Although the growth of mustard crop seedlings was inhibited, sunflower crop established well and exhibited high tolerance towards soil Cr; however, the accumulation of Cr in seeds is likely to diminish the potential of sunflower for phytoremediation. The application of biological wastes, namely coir pith and poultry manure, to Cr-contaminated soil was found to be effective for reducing the bioavailable fractions of Cr, mainly through the formation of organic complexes, demonstrating their potential in the bioremediation of Cr-contaminated soil.
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