「社会都市」における失業保険の展開 : 第二帝政期ドイツを事例として(大会報告・共通論題:都市の公共性-主体・政策・規範-,2010年度政治経済学・経済史学会秋季学術大会)

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This article aims at elucidating the character of the "publicness of urban communities" at the turn of the century with a case study on the development of unemployment insurance in the German "social city." The "social city" is determined here as the phase in which the social security of the central government had not yet been completely formed and municipalities were obliged to develop their own social policies. It was the municipalization of public services since the 1870s that brought the "social city" into being in Germany. It contributed to the bureaucratization of municipalities, with the result that the senior municipal officials took control of the "publicness of urban communities." In addition, the Social Democrats, who had been increasing their seats in communal councils since the 1890s, gained the bridgehead to exert an influence on the "publicness of urban communities." Although their presence was limited, the bourgeois regarded it as a great threat and formulated the "social tasks of municipalities" as the political norm for integrating the urban society in opposition to the Social Democrats. This norm permitted municipal governments to take interventional policies and directed the bourgeois' attention to the protection of workers with unemployment insurance. German municipalities had developed since the 1890s their own unemployment insurance, especially the Genter System, with which the municipalities paid subsidies to the trade unions that provided their out-of-work members with unemployment benefits. This made unemployment insurance a leading topic in a nationwide discussion about social policies. Despite the efforts of municipalities, however, the central and state governments gave up introducing the national unemployment insurance and shifted their responsibility onto municipalities. Therefore, the third German Communal Conference in 1911 adopted the "statement on the problem of unemployment insurance" which demanded that the central government should introduce the national unemployment insurance instead of the Genter System. Nevertheless, the position of municipalities was not monolithic. The majority of the Communal Conference was against the system because the Free Trade Union under the Social Democratic Party enjoyed the most benefit of it, whereas those who approved the system considered the Social Democrats as reliable partners to relieve the unemployed. Thus, the attitude of those approving the system corresponded well with the intention of the Free Trade Union to win social recognition. This made it possible for unemployment insurance to establish itself as an important component of the "publicness of urban communities."
2011-04-30

「社会都市」における失業保険の展開 : 第二帝政期ドイツを事例として(大会報告・共通論題:都市の公共性-主体・政策・規範-,2010年度政治経済学・経済史学会秋季学術大会)

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