前3世紀後半のスパルタ : 土地分配とαναπληρωσι&b.sigmav;

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In this paper, I wish to consider the effects of Agis IV's reforms on the Spartan community with particular references to the redistribution of land (anaplerosis) and its significance. When Agis ascended the throne, economic polarization, especially the concentration of land and the so-called origanthropia had reached extremes. The Spartiatai werereduced to 700, of which only 100 were rich men who had kleros and land. Ochlos, i.e. people without means who had been stripped of their civic rights, were watching for some opportunity for change and revolution. Agis and Cleomenes III, their main aim being personal glory and the restoration of Spartan hegemony in Greece, conceived or executed plans to distribute the land and increase the number of citizens. Cleomenes' land-distribution scheme consisted of a complete division of Spartan land. It was first distributed to Spartiatai, then to suitable perioikoi and foreigners. Agis' plan was similar. The distribution of kleros to the suitable perioikoi and the foreigners meant their enfranchisement and this was anaplerosis. It seems that the main beneficiaries of these reforms were the men deprived of civic rights who had been on the increase at that time and thus the new laws seem tohave been aimed at hypomeiones, i.e. ochlos first of all, though there is no mention of them in the sources. As for perioikoi and helots, Agis and Cleomenes did not intend to change their institutions which were the bases of the Lykurgan regime. However Cleomenes enfranchised some able bodied perioikoi to increase the number of soldier-citizens. He also freed 6,000 helots, though he did not make them citizens, in order to raise war funds just before the battle of Sellasia. So the attempt to reconstruct the Spartan community by anaplerosis seems to suggest that the Spartan political system was already in the process of dissolution, revealed by the enfranchisement of perioikoi and foreigners and the emancipation of helots. When Nabis ascended the throne in 207, he expelled rich and illustrious men, and distributed their land to poor citizens, emancipated slaves, i.e. ex-helots and mercenaries. We cannot confirm whether the entire Spartan land was the object of his land-distribution, but it was on a large scale. The intention was to reinforce the Spartan army as Agis and Cleomenes had also intended. The emancipated slaves mentioned by Polybios and Livius were not cattle slaves or neodamodeis, but helots. Though they were enrolled in the citizen-body, their emancipation did not mean the abolition of heiloteia. That the number of ex-helots was large gives us the impression that heiloteia lasted as an institution, but almost lost its substance. As for perioikoi however, there are no references to them in the sources. Some scholars assume that they were also enfranchised, which I think is very possible. In any case, Sparta was deprived of its maritime cities populated by perioikoi under the provisions of the peace with Rome, thus losing one of the important foundations of Spartan society. Therefore Nabis entirely changed and dissolved the Spartan social structure. The serious loss of man power in battles and the increase of new citizens considerably reduced the proportion of the old Spartiatai to the former deriving from perioikoi, helots and mercenaries. The reform movement was intended to reconcile the Spartans to the Lykurgan regime, to reinforce the Spartan armies and create a hegemony in the Peloponnesus by reorganizing the citizen-body. Nevertheless it resulted in the introduction of perioikoi and helots into the body of citizens and changed the quality of the Spartan community, undermining the Spartan social structure. After Nabis fell, the institution of perioikoi almost collapsed and it became doubtful how far heiloteia fulfilled its function. The possibility cannot be denied, as Busolt, Roussel and Shimron think, that as the result of the enfranchisement of perioikoi and helots, many of the old and new citizens were compelled to cultivate their own land. One can only conclude that the community of Spartiatai, which began to dissolve at the beginning of the 5th century B. C, finally dissolved in the latter half of the 3rd century B. C.
日本西洋古典学会の論文
1979-03-29

著者

古山正人
國學院大學

前3世紀後半のスパルタ : 土地分配とαναπληρωσι&b.sigmav;

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