ヨーハン・ヤーコプ・バハオーフェン,カール・モイリとスイスの古典学研究

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Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815-1887) and Karl Meuli (1891-1968), who broke new ground in the study of ancient religion, were both professors at Basel, Switzerland, yet quite different in their work and impact Bachofen's fame rests with his book Das Mutterrecht (1861) and the thesis indicated by the title-a word coined by Bachofen, retranslated as 'matriarchal' versus 'patriarchal' system The book appeared right at the beginnings of modern sociology, it came to the knowledge of Fnednch Engels and thus was integrated into orthodox Marxism, it had an enthusiastic revival at the beginning of the 20th century amidst the fascination of Nietzsche and myth in general Bachofen was aristocrat, conservative, anti-modernistic, he took a stand against the prevailing source criticism in historical studies, insisting that myth was the original form of human tradition Starting from little noticed details of ancient tradition he reconstructed cultural stages of mankind as alternative systems of social relations, especially in the context of sex and procreation The current patriarchal family is neither natural nor original, it had been preceded by other forms, notably 'women dominance' in the exercise and transmission of power, in sex, economy, and spirituality Bachofen also discovered and named 'Avunculat', i e the special importance of mother's brother in certain societies , this has remained an important concept in ethnographic studies Bachofen combines flights of fantasy with intuitive understanding and a sense for systematics 'History of the mind' is bound to changing systems of social structure Karl Meuli was distinguished, as against mainstream Classical Philology, by a keen interest in folklore, which he developed into a comprehensive view of anthropology, while keeping to a very personal style of direct human understanding Beginning with his Habihtationsschrift Der gnechische Agon(1926), the subtitle of which refers to "fight and fighting game in funerary customs, dance, dirge, and praise of the dead", he concentrated on rituals and beliefs about death and the dead A fundamental article discussed "Begging processions in the cult of the dead" (1927/8), including the use and functions of masks, a seminal study elucidated mourning customs (1946) Interest for Siberia, raised by 'Agon', led to the influential article "Scythica"(1935), with the stimulating and controversial thesis that forms of Scythian shamanism had influenced motifs or even institutions in archaic Greece Outstanding by the richness of ethnographic materials and by the general anthropological scope and relevance is "Gnechische Opferbrauche" (1946) Starting from the well-known puzzle that Greeks, in animal sacrifice, burn the bones for the gods and eat the meat themselves he sets out to analyze age-old hunting rituals, from paleolithic to the threshold of modernism, with the problem of killing for eating, with ensuing bad conscience and "respect for life", this developed in such a context to become a basis of religion Karl Meuli did not complete the one great work which he originally intended But the numerous original insights in his studies are apt to disclose new human dimensions within classical philology, and far beyond
日本西洋古典学会の論文
2003-03-20

ヨーハン・ヤーコプ・バハオーフェン,カール・モイリとスイスの古典学研究

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