児童の認知型と関連する変数について
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This is a study on variables related to the three kinds of cognitive styles: 'field independency-dependency' by the Witkin group, 'reflection-impulsivity' and 'analytic-nonanalytic preference' by the Kagan group. Their indices were the embedded figure test (EFT), the matching familiar figures test (MFFT) and the conceptual style test (CST). Method: The subjects were 90 boys and 96 girls of fifth grade at elementary schools in a suburb of Tokyo. Besides the three kinds of cognitive style tests, they were administered an intelligence test, a creativity test, a personality scale and a questionnaire to assess their dependency. A questionnaire was administered to their mother to measure family communication patterns (FCP; conservative-conciliatory vs. critical-progressive), maternal over-protectiveness, and emotional instability. Also, school record of a five-poind grading system was obtained and teachers were asked to rate the Ss' behavior. Results and Discussion: The EFT score was correlated with the intelligence, the creativity test, the schoolwork and the teacher's behavier rating. For girls, correlations of the personality scale and the FCP with the EFT were statistically significant. Visual analysis ability assessed by EFT could predict schoolwork independent of intelligence and creativity. And witkin's theory that field indepaendent-dependent approach in visual perception functions also in the domain of personality was supported at least for girls. In comparison with the EFT, the MFFT bore weak relationship to the intelligence test, the creativity test and the schoolwork. Among girls, the MFFT was significantly correlated with the personality traits, to which was added support by the teacher's behavior rating. This evidence indicates that the construct of reflection-impulsivity is useful to link the perceptual domain with the personality domain as well as that of field independence-dependence. The CST was little correlated with the variables taken in this study. In the data, prominent sex difference was found. It is only for girls that significant correletions between two cognitive styles-field independence and reflection-impulsivity- and personality traits were obtained. Concerning that the correlations of personality traits with EFT were significant only among girls, it is suggestive that Kagan and Kogan have tried to explain the sex difference in field independence score by 'masculinity-feminity' and 'ego-strength' Boys perfomed better than girls on the EFT measure of field independence, which are consistant with the results reported by many studies.
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