イギリス帝国主義における海軍費の膨脹 : 1889〜1914年

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概要

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• Before World War I, the Great Britain rivaled with European Powers in the construction of fleet, and this resulted in the rapid growth of navy expenditure. In this article I have attempted to clarify three problems, i.e., (1) methods to finance growing expenditure, (2) procedures to make up Navy Estimate and changes of "votes" in Estimates, (3) parliamentary debates on navy expenditure between 1889-1914. The conclusions are as follows. (1) At first, the growth of navy expenditure depended partly upon the "fixedcharge" = "Naval Defence Account" (1889-1893), then, upon the "borrowing" = "capital expenditure" for naval works (1895-1905), and at last, completely upon the great increase of Estimate itself. (2) The making-up of the Navy Estimate was not the work of Treasury but of Admiralty, and especially "vote 8, Shipbuilding" was decided by Board of Admiralty, depriving Treasury of its controlling power. Thus, under the "Two-Power Standard", trends of navy expenditure was characterized as follows, (1) 1889-94, a higher level, (2) 1895-1904, rapid growth, (3) 1905-08, downward, (4) 1909-14, increasing speed. (3) By Naval Defence Act (1889) and Hamilton's Programme, Conservative Party struck the parliamentary control, but Liberals abolished that Act. After Spencer's Programme was made up (1894), the expenditure increased again, and at the end of Boer War, Liberals, Irish Nationalist and even a part of Unionist criticized the enormous expenditure because of the heavy burdens on taxpayers. In 1905, naval policy turned adversely in the atmosphere of peace. But because of the failure of Haag Peace Conference, Board of Admiralty demanded 8 warships of Dreadnought type in 1909 against German plan, and succeeded to get the money opposing to Cabinet decision. This affair weakened the civilian and parliamentary control of Navy Estimate and accelerated its growth. British Navalism was the centre of Britain's entry into World War I.

• 政治経済学・経済史学会の論文
• 1989-07-20

著者

• 吉岡 昭彦

  東北大学

関連論文

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